Sheikh ul hind biography examples

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Not to be confused with Mahmudul Hasan or Mahmud Deobandi.

Indian Muslim scholar and activist (–)

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (also known as Shaykh al-Hind; –) was an Indian Muslim scholar and an conclusive of the Indian independence movement, who co-founded authority Jamia Millia Islamia University and launched the Material Letter Movement for the freedom of India. Explicit was the first student to study at loftiness Darul Uloom Deoband seminary. His teachers included Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi and Mahmud Deobandi, and he was authorized in Sufism by Imdadullah Muhajir Makki sports ground Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.

Hasan served as the loftiest of the Darul Uloom Deoband and founded organisations such as the Jamiatul Ansar and the Nizaratul Maarif. He wrote a translation of the Quran in Urdu and authored books such as Adilla-e-Kāmilah, Īzah al-adillah, Ahsan al-Qirā and Juhd al-Muqill. Grace taught hadith at the Darul Uloom Deoband significant copyedited the Sunan Abu Dawud. His major course group included Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Hussain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Sanaullah Amritsari and Ubaidullah Sindhi.

Hasan was a staunch opponent of rank British Raj. He launched movements to overthrow their power in India but was arrested in cope with imprisoned in Malta. He was released in , and was honoured with the title of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) by the Khilafat committee. He wrote religious edicts in support classic the Non-cooperation movement and travelled various parts appreciated India, to enroll Muslims in the freedom repositioning. He presided the second general meeting of blue blood the gentry Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in November and was appointed warmth president. The Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical Academy is named in his memory. In , authority Government of India released a commemorative postal wrap up on his Silk Letter Movement.

Early life

See also: Usmani family of Deoband

Mahmud Hasan was born notch in the town of Bareilly (in modern Uttar Pradesh, India) into the Usmani family of Deoband. His father, Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi, who co-founded integrity Darul Uloom Deoband, was a professor at righteousness Bareilly College and then served as the second in com inspector of madrasas.

Hasan studied the Quran with Miyanji Manglori, and Persian with Abdul Lateef. During probity rebellion, his father was transferred to Meerut, don Hasan was shifted to Deoband, where he troubled Persian and Arabic literature from the Dars-e-Nizami course of action with his uncle, Mehtab Ali. He became blue blood the gentry first student at the Darul Uloom Deoband; person in charge studied with Mahmud Deobandi. He completed his remote studies in and went to Meerut to announce the Sihah Sittah with Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi. Blooper attended the hadith discourses of Nanawtawi for duo years, and studied Arabic literature with his paterfamilias during the vacations. He graduated in and old hat the turban of honour in in the precede convocation of the Darul Uloom Deoband. He was an authorized disciple of Imdadullah Muhajir Makki perch Rashid Ahmad Gangohi in Sufism.

Career

Darul Uloom Deoband

See also: Darul Uloom Deoband

Hasan was appointed a teacher tiny the Darul Uloom Deoband in , the hire year he completed his studies. He became warmth principal in , succeeding Syed Ahmad Dehlavi.[13] Fiasco did not consider the Deoband seminary just top-notch place of learning, but an institution established anticipate compensate the loss of rebellion.

Hasan formed the Thamratut-Tarbiyat (The Fruit of the Upbringing) in [14] Indictment was established as an intellectual centre to housetrain the students and graduates of the Darul Uloom Deoband.[15] It then took the form of Jamiatul Ansar (Community of Helpers), which started in make sense its first session held in Moradabad and presided over by Ahmad Hasan Amrohi. Alongside his schoolboy Ubaidullah Sindhi, Hasan then started the Nizaratul Ma'arif al-Qur'ānia (Academy of Quranic Learning) in November [17] It aimed to increase the influence of Muhammadan scholars and to instruct and teach English-educated Muslims about n Ahmad Madani suggests that "the stop behind establishing Nizaratul Maarif was to make Islamist youth stronger believers, and to instruct and propel them, specially western-educated Muslims, in the Quranic purpose in such a logical way that it would remove the poisonous impact of anti-Islam propaganda forward ill-founded skepticism about practicality of Islamic belief wallet tenets in modern age."[20]

Silk Letter Movement

Main article: Cloth Letter Movement

See also: Malta exiles and Partitioning accomplish the Ottoman Empire

Hasan wanted to overthrow the Brits Raj in India; to achieve this, he focused on two geographic areas. The first was honesty area of autonomous tribes that lived between Afghanistan and Adrawi states, "this is the historical deed that people who came to invade India reachmedown that route, and Hasan's selection of this place for his movement was definitely the highest grounds of his prudence and insight." The second harmonize was within India; he wanted to influence spellbind the sincere leaders who cared for the district to support his cause, and in this why not? was quite successful. The scholars that worked lower the first front included his students and court such as Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Abdur-Raheem Sindhi, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Uzair Gul Peshawari. They propagated the program of Hasan drink the frontier areas and into those of probity autonomous tribes. The scholars that worked on nobility second front included Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Abdur-Raheem Raipuri and Ahmadullah ad Miyan Deobandi states, "Shaikhul Son of the soil used to watch carefully the nature and ability of his disciples and people who approached him. He selected some persons from amongst them beginning commanded them to reach Yaghistan and instigate representation autonomous tribes to attack India."[26] The program meant to prepare the people inside India for spick rebellion if the Afghani and Turkish governments short military aid to the militia and people in jail the country rose up for the rebellion before the invasion by this army. Yaghistan was leadership center of the movement of Mahmud Hasan. Honesty Provisional Government of India was designed by Hasan's pupil Ubaidullah Sindhi and his companions, and Mahendra Pratap was appointed the President.

Hasan himself traveled know Hejaz to secure German and Turkish support hillock He left Bombay on 18 September , station was accompanied by scholars including Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri, Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri bid Uzair Gul Peshawari.[30] On 18 October , let go went to Mecca where he had meetings touch upon Ghalib Pasha, the Turkish governor, and Anwar Authority, who was the defense minister of Turkey.[32][33] Ghalib Pasha assured him of assistance and gave him three letters, one addressed to the Indian Muslims, the second to the governor Busra Pasha, fairy story the third to Anwar Pasha.[33] Hasan also locked away a meeting with the Djemal Pasha, the coach of Syria, who concurred with what Ghalib Authority had said.[33] Hasan feared that if he mutual to India, he might be arrested by decency British, and asked that he be allowed be reach the Afghanistan border from where he could reach Yaghistan.[34] Djemal made an excuse and try him that if he feared arrest, he could stop at Hejaz or any other Turkish area.[34] Subsequently, the program called the Silk Letter Onslaught was leaked and its members were arrested. Hasan was arrested in December alongside his companions gift students, Hussain Ahmad Madani and Uzair Gul Peshawari, by Sharif Hussain, the Sharif of Mecca, who revolted against the Turks and allied with honesty British. The Sharif then handed them over picture the British,[37] and they were imprisoned in righteousness Fort Verdala in Malta.[38]

Khilafat movement

Main article: Khilafat movement

Hasan was released in May ,[38] and by 8 June he had reached Bombay. He was welcomed by major scholars and political figures including Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali, Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Shaukat Ali and Mahatma Gandhi. His release was seen as a huge aid to the Khilafat Movement and he was honoured with the epithet of "Shaykh al-Hind" (The Leader of India) antisocial the Khilafat Committee.[41]

Hasan inspired the scholars of Deoband seminary to join the Khilafat movement. He appear a religious edict on the boycott of Land goods; which was sought by the students endlessly then Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College. In this edict, significant advised the students to avoid supporting the direction in any manner, to boycott the government funded schools and colleges, and to avoid government jobs. Following this edict, a majority of students incomplete the college. This edict supported the Non-cooperation irritability. Hasan then travelled to Allahabad, Fatehpur, Ghazipur, Faizabad, Lucknow and Moradabad and guided Muslims in ratiocination of the movements.

Jamia Millia Islamia

See also: Jamia Millia Islamia

Hasan was asked to preside over the foundational ceremony of the Jamia Millia Islamia, then leak out as the National Muslim University.[46] The University was established by Hasan alongside Muhammad Ali Jauhar captivated Hakim Ajmal Khan,[47] who were motivated by glory demands of students of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) who were disappointed with the AMU's pro-British inclination and who wanted a new university.[46][48] Hasan's eschew, however, urged him not to accept the make available as he had grown increasingly weak and white from his time of incarceration in Malta.[46] Hasan stated, in response to their concerns, "If clean up president-ship pains the British, then I shall to be sure take part in this ceremony."[46] He was later brought to Deoband railway station in a palankeen, from where he traveled to Aligarh.[46]

Hasan was keen able to write anything, and asked his undergraduate Shabbir Ahmad Usmani to prepare his presidential script. He then made corrections and improvements to righteousness prepared speech, and sent it to print. Alternative route 29 October , this speech was read loudly by Usmani in the foundational ceremony of probity university, after which Hasan laid the foundation kill of the Jamia Millia Islamia. Hasan said advance the speech that "the knowledgeable people amongst ready to react are well aware that my elders and radicle never issued an edict of disbelief over responsiveness of a foreign language or acquiring the learned sciences of other nations. Yes, it was aforesaid that the final last effect of the English-education is that its seekers either colour themselves put back that of the Christianity or they mock their own religion and co-religionists through their atheistic cheek, or they worship the current government; then consent to is better to remain ignorant instead of hunt such education." He concurred with Mahatma Gandhi's who stated that, "the higher education of these colleges is pure and clean as the milk, on the contrary mixed with a little bit of poison" don considered the Muslim National University, as an alembic which would separate this poison from academia.

Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind

Hasan presided over the second general meeting of character Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, which was held in November counter Delhi. He was appointed the president of goodness Jamiat, a position he could not serve permission to his death after few days [on 30 November]. The general meeting was held over days starting from 19 November, and Hasan's statesmanlike speech was read aloud by his student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. Hasan advocated a Hindu-Muslim-Sikh unity prosperous said that, if Hindus and Muslims unite, deriving freedom was not much more difficult. This was the last conference that Hasan attended.

Students

Main article: Directory of students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi

Hasan's students digit in thousands. His major students include Anwar Ruling Kashmiri, Asghar Hussain Deobandi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Husain Ahmad Madani, Izaz Ali Amrohi, Kifayatullah Dihlawi, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari, Muhammad Shafi Deobandi, Sanaullah Amritsari, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, Ubaidullah Sindhi and Uzair Gul m Moosa states that his "fine cohort of students subsequent gained renown in the madrasa network and finished contribution to the public life in South Assemblage in fields as diverse as religious scholarship, statesmanship machiavel, and institution-building."

Literary works

The translation of the Quran

Hasan wrote an interlinear translation of the Quran in Urdu.[61] He later started to annotate this translation smash explanatory notes, as he had just completed integrity fourth chapter An-Nisa, when he died in High-mindedness exegetical work was completed by his student Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, and is published as Tafsir-e-Usmāni. Lot was later translated into Persian by a task force of scholars, patronized by Mohammed Zahir Shah, picture last king of Afghanistan.

Al-Abwāb wa Al-Tarājim li al-Bukhāri

Hasan taught Sahih Bukhari at the Darul Uloom Deoband for a long time and, when he was incarcerated in Malta, he began to write clean up treatise explaining its chapter-headings. In the hadith studies, the assignation of the chapter-headings in a gleaning of traditions is seen as a separate science.[66] Hasan started the treatise with fifteen principles mess the subject, and then discussed the traditions spread the chapter on revelation and incompletely covered nobility chapter on knowledge. The treatise is entitled al-abwāb wa al-tarājim li al-Bukhāri (transl.&#;An Explanation of leadership Chapter Headings of Imam Bukhari's Sahih) and spreads over 52 pages.

Adilla-e-Kāmilah

As the Ahl-i Hadith movement was growing in India they started questioning the command of Hanafi school of thought. Ahl-i Hadith academic Muhammad Hussain Batalvi compiled a set of darken questions and announced a challenge with a price for those who provided an answer, with begin rupees per answer. This was published from Amritsar and sent to Darul Uloom Deoband. The Deoband's policy had been to avoid the issues which divide the Muslim community, but the Ahl-i Tradition people forced the issue. Subsequently, Hasan, at goodness request of his teacher Nanawtawi, in return intentionally a series of questions in the form promote to a treatise, Adilla-e-Kāmilah (transl.&#;The Perfect Argument), promising go, "if you answer these questions, we shall afford you twenty rupees per answer."

Īzah al-Adillah

After Mahmud Hasan's Adilla-e-Kāmilah, an Ahl-i Hadith scholar Ahmad Hasan Amrohwi wrote Misbāh al-Adillah (transl.&#;A Lantern to the Argument) in response to Adilla-e-Kāmilah. The Deobandi scholar waited for a while for any response from excellence original questioner, Muhammad Hussain Batalwi, who then declared that Amrohwi's work was sufficient, and that good taste has himself had discarded the idea of terminology the answers. Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote Izāh al-Adillah (transl.&#;Elucidation of the Argument); a commentary natural world his earlier work Adilla-e-Kāmilah.

Ahsan al-Qirā

Hasan has discussed glory permissibility of Friday prayers in villages and country areas in this Nazeer Husain had raised that issue and published a religious edict which inevitable that there is no specification of any back home [for the Friday prayers]. He stated that, anywhere a least of two people gather, the Fri prayers are jurist and scholar, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, penned a fatwa over 14 pages in reply, called the Awthaq al-'Urā (transl.&#;The Strongest Ring) get out of the perspective of the Hanafi school of thought.

Gangohi's work received criticism from the Ahl-i Hadith scholars; most of which reproduced the same arguments. Gangohi's pupil Mahmud Hasan felt that the language be snapped up these works was insolent, and wrote a endless book, entitled Ahsan al-Qirā fī Tawzīḥ Awthaq al-'Urā (transl.&#;The Best Discourse in The Elucidation of Say publicly Strongest Ring), in response.

Juhd al-Muqill

Shah Ismail Dehlvi put up with his companions who worked for the reformation slant Muslims from Bidʻah (religious innovations), received wide analysis from the people who were associated with these innovations. Dehlvi was in particular accused of profanation and was excommunicated from Islam. Subsequently, Islamic learner Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri wrote Tanzih al-Raḥmān (transl.&#;The Applause of the Merciful), in which he mentioned Dehlvi to be a member of extreme group clench the Muʿtazila. Mahmud Hasan, in response, wrote Juhd al-Muqill fī tanzīhi al-Mu'izzi wa al-Mudhill (transl.&#;An Thought of an Insignificant on the Glorification of Singular who Graces and Disgraces), in two volumes. Interpretation book discusses the attributes and qualities of God with the terminology of the Ilm al-Kalam, masses the accent of Al-Taftazani's commentary Sharah Aqā'id-e-Nasafi, whim al-Nasafi's creed. Hasan responded to the allegations notion against Shah Ismail Dehlvi and other such scholars, using Ilm al-Kalam.

Tas'hīh Abu Dawūd

The written manuscripts distinctive the Sihah Sittah were preserved in the libraries of Islamic nations, with the majority held hold Mecca and Medina. The Indian scholar Ahmad Khalif Saharanpuri copied the manuscripts that existed in Riyadh, and then studied them with Shah Muhammad Ishaq. When he returned to India he started proclamation the copyedited editions of these hadith manuscripts take the stones out of his press. His pupil Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi elongated the practice of copyediting the hadith manuscripts in a holding pattern all of the books were published in India.

Later there was a push to copyedit the Sunan Abu Dawud, one among the six major books of the hadith. However, the editions that were published and the original written manuscripts majorly differed from each other. Hasan thus collected all significance available manuscripts, copyedited the text and had various editions of it published in book form. These were published in from the Mujtabai Press principal Delhi.

Death and legacy

On 30 October , a interval after the foundation of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh, Hasan travelled to Delhi at rank request of Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari. Several days succeeding his health deteriorated and he received treatment unearth Ansari at his home in Daryaganj. He deadly on 30 November in Delhi. As the facts of his death was announced, Hindus and Muslims closed their shops and gathered outside Ansari's boarding house to pay tributes to Hasan. Ansari then responsibility Hasan's brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan if he paramount Mahmud Hasan to be buried in Delhi be in keeping with arrangements to be made at the Mehdiyan churchyard, or if preferred to bury him at Deoband with arrangements made for moving the body. Decree was decided to bury him at Deoband by reason of of his wish that he be buried nigh on the grave of his teacher Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi. His funeral prayers were offered multiple times. Dignity people of Delhi offered the prayers outside Ansari's house, and then the body was moved round on Deoband. As they reached the Delhi railway abode, a plethora of people gathered and offered burial prayers. Subsequently, prayers were offered at the Meerut City railway station and Meerut Cantt railway site. His fifth and last funeral prayer was malign by his brother Hakeem Muhammad Hasan and noteworthy was buried in the Qasmi cemetery.

Mahmud Hasan has had a number of honours. Ashraf Ali Thanwi called him "Shaykh al'-'Ālam" (The Leader of representation World).[86] Thanwi states that, "In our opinion, significant is the Leader of India, Sindh, the Semite and the Ajam".[86] A medical college in Saharanpur was named Shaikh-Ul-Hind Maulana Mahmood Hasan Medical Academy after him.[87] In January , the President capture India, Pranab Mukherjee released a commemorative postal tread on Hasan's Silk Letter Movement.[88]

Shaikhul Hind Academy, spruce department of Darul Uloom Deoband, is named set in motion his memory.[89]

The Shaykh al-Hind Program, an immersion tier Islamic Studies program taught at Darul Qasim Institute, is also named in his honor.[90]

References

Citations

  1. ^Qasmi, Muhammadullah (October ). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh (in Urdu) (2nd&#;ed.). India: Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  2. ^Deobandi , p.&#;
  3. ^Hasan, Nayab (1 December ). "حضرت شیخ الہند کا تصورِ فلاحِ امت" [Shaykhul Hind's Concept of the Progress of Ummah]. Millat Times (in Urdu). Retrieved 27 July
  4. ^Deobandi , p.&#;
  5. ^Deobandi , p.&#;
  6. ^Deobandi , p.&#;
  7. ^Deobandi , p.&#;
  8. ^Deobandi , p.&#;
  9. ^ abcDeobandi , pp.&#;59–
  10. ^ abDeobandi , p.&#;
  11. ^Deobandi , p.&#;
  12. ^ abNakhuda, Ismaeel. "Where were Indian Muslim scholars imprisoned in Malta?". Basair. Retrieved 30 July
  13. ^Barbara D., Metcalf (). Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  14. ^ abcdeDeobandi , p.&#;
  15. ^Basheer, Intifada P. (29 October ). "Jamia Millia Islamia: A University That Celebrates Diversity". Outlook India. Retrieved 30 July
  16. ^"Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of video recording struggle". Milli Gazette. 12 February Retrieved 27 July
  17. ^"The Translations of the Quran". The Islamic Quarterly. 40– London: Islamic Cultural Centre:
  18. ^"Shaykh (Maulana) Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi". Central Mosque.
  19. ^ abThanwi, Ashraf Prizefighter. Usmani, Mahmood Ashraf (ed.). Malfūzāt Hakīm al-Ummat (in Urdu). Vol.&#;5. Multan: Idāra Tālīfāt-e-Ashrafia. p.&#;
  20. ^"Saharanpur medical faculty to be named after Madni". Times of India. 24 November Retrieved 27 July
  21. ^"Prez releases easily forgotten stamp on 'Silk Letter Movement'". Business Standard. 29 January Retrieved 29 July
  22. ^Bijnori, Muhammad Salman, large. (March ). "Hazrat Maulana Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi shaft Shaikhul Hind Academy, Darul Uloom Deoband: Imranullah Qasmi". Monthly Darul Uloom (in Urdu). (3). Deoband: Darul Uloom: 47–
  23. ^The Shaykh al-Hind Program.

Bibliography

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  • Haqqani, Abdul Qayyum (January ). "Allama Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Number". Monthly al-Qāsim (in Urdu). 9. Nowshera: Al-Qasim Academy, Jamia Abu Hurairah.
  • Khimjee, Husein Akberali (). The legacy of justness early twentieth-century Khilafat movement in India (Thesis). Medical centre of Toronto. Retrieved 28 July
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Further reading

  • Arshad, Mawlāna Abdur Rasheed (January ). "Shaykhul Hind Mawlānā Maḥmūd Ḥasan". Bind Deobandi, Nawaz (ed.). Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband (in Urdu). Vol.&#;2. Deoband: Nawaz Publications. pp.&#;–
  • Metcalf, Barbara D. (). Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, –. Princeton: University University Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  • Mujab, Muhammad (). Islamic branches of knowledge in india and indonesia: a comparative study (Thesis). India: Department of Sunni Theology, Aligarh Muslim Founding. pp.&#;– hdl/
  • Shafi, Muhammad, ed. (). Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya(PDF) (in Urdu). Vol.&#; Lahore, Pakistan: University fair-haired the Punjab. pp.&#;32–

External links