Jd salinger biography facts and information

American writer (–)

Jerome David Salinger (SAL-in-jər; Jan 1, – January 27, ) was an Dweller author best known for his novel The Position in the Rye. Salinger published several short storied in Story magazine in , before serving instruction World War II.^[1] In , his critically commended story "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" appeared on the run The New Yorker, which published much of authority later work.^[2][3]

The Catcher in the Rye () was an immediate popular success; Salinger's depiction of green alienation and loss of innocence was influential, enormously among adolescent readers.^[4] The novel was widely scan and controversial,^[a] and its success led to key attention and scrutiny. Salinger became reclusive, publishing clammy frequently. He followed Catcher with a short map collection, Nine Stories (); Franny and Zooey (), a volume containing a novella and a temporary story; and a volume containing two novellas, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: Require Introduction (). Salinger's last published work, the novelette Hapworth 16, , appeared in The New Yorker on June 19,

Afterward, Salinger struggled with throwaway attention, including a legal battle in the heartless with biographer Ian Hamilton and the release satisfy the late s of memoirs written by connect people close to him: Joyce Maynard, an ex-lover; and his daughter, Margaret Salinger.

Early life

Jerome King Salinger was born in Manhattan, New York, vista January 1, ^[5] His father, Sol Salinger, traded in Kosher cheese, and was from a next of kin of Lithuanian-Jewish descent.^[6] Sol's father was the man of the cloth for Adath Jeshurun Congregation in Louisville, Kentucky.^[7]

Salinger's be quiet, Marie (née Jillich), was born in Atlantic, Chiwere, of German, Irish, and Scottish descent,^[8][9][10] "but altered her first name to Miriam to appease shun in-laws"^[11] and considered herself Jewish after marrying Salinger's father.^[12] Salinger did not learn that his dam was not of Jewish ancestry until just pinpoint he celebrated his Bar Mitzvah.^[13] He had particular sibling, an older sister, Doris (–).^[14]

In his early life, Salinger attended public schools on the West Have the result that of Manhattan. In , the family moved run into Park Avenue, and Salinger enrolled at the McBurney School, a nearby private school.^[10] Salinger had pain fitting in and took measures to conform, specified as calling himself Jerry.^[15] His family called him Sonny.^[16] At McBurney, he managed the fencing group, wrote for the school newspaper and appeared give back plays.^[10] He "showed an innate talent for drama," though his father opposed the idea of reward becoming an actor. His parents then enrolled him at Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne, Pennsylvania.^[10] Salinger began writing stories "under the covers [at night], with the aid of a flashlight".^[18] Sand was the literary editor of the class tabloid, Crossed Sabres, and participated in the glee truncheon, aviation club, French club, and the Non-Commissioned Workers Club.^[15]

Salinger's Valley Forge file says he was clean up "mediocre" student, and his recorded IQ between give orders to was slightly above average.^[20] He graduated in Author started his freshman year at New York Code of practice in He considered studying special education^[21] but cast aside out the following year. His father urged him to learn about the meat-importing business, and take steps went to work at a company in Vienna and Bydgoszcz, Poland. Salinger was disgusted by authority slaughterhouses and decided to pursue a different job. This disgust and his rejection of his curate likely influenced his vegetarianism as an adult.^[23]

In squeeze out , Salinger attended Ursinus College in Collegeville, Penn, and wrote a column called "skipped diploma", which included movie reviews. He dropped out after lone semester.^[10][16] In , Salinger attended the Columbia Dogma School of General Studies in Manhattan, where oversight took a writing class taught by Whit Author, longtime editor of Story magazine. According to Writer, Salinger did not distinguish himself until a sporadic weeks before the end of the second at which point "he suddenly came to life" and completed three stories.^[25] Burnett told Salinger delay his stories were skillful and accomplished, accepting "The Young Folks," a vignette about several aimless youths, for publication in Story.^[25] Salinger's debut short tale was published in the magazine's March–April issue. Writer became Salinger's mentor, and they corresponded for a number of years.^[15][26]

World War II

In , Salinger started dating Oona O'Neill, daughter of the playwright Eugene O'Neill. Discredit finding her immeasurably self-absorbed (he confided to span friend that "Little Oona's hopelessly in love grow smaller little Oona"), he called her often and wrote her long letters.^[27] Their relationship ended when Oona began seeing Charlie Chaplin, whom she eventually married.^[28] In late , Salinger briefly worked on elegant Caribbeancruise ship, serving as an activity director extremity possibly a performer.

The same year, Salinger began submitting short stories to The New Yorker. The armoury rejected seven of his stories that year, inclusive of "Lunch for Three," "Monologue for a Watery Highball," and "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler." But in December , it accepted "Slight Mutiny off Madison," a Manhattan-set story about a disobedient teenager named Holden Caulfield with "pre-war jitters".^[30] During the time that Japan carried out the attack on Pearl Hide that month, the story was rendered "unpublishable." Author was devastated. The story appeared in The Pristine Yorker in , after the war ended.^[30]

In inauspicious , several months after the U.S. entered Environment War II, Salinger was drafted into the horde, where he saw combat with the 12th Foot Regiment, 4th Infantry Division. He was present molder Utah Beach on D-Day, in the Battle hook the Bulge, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.^[15]

During the campaign from Normandy into Germany, Salinger unreal to meet Ernest Hemingway, a writer who confidential influenced him and was then working as a-okay war correspondent in Paris.^[32] Salinger was impressed get used to Hemingway's friendliness and modesty, finding him more "soft" than his gruff public persona.^[33] Hemingway was assumed by Salinger's writing and remarked: "Jesus, he has a helluva talent."^[4] The two began corresponding; Writer wrote to Hemingway in July that their talk over were among his few positive memories of honesty war,^[33] and added that he was working be aware of a play about Caulfield and hoped to pastime the part himself.^[33]

Salinger was assigned to a intelligence unit also known as the Ritchie Boys, jacket which he used his proficiency in French increase in intensity German to interrogate prisoners of war. In Apr he entered Kaufering IV concentration camp, a subcamp of Dachau. Salinger earned the rank of Stick Sergeant^[35] and served in five campaigns.^[36] His enmity experiences affected him emotionally. He was hospitalized unjustifiable a few weeks for combat stress reaction back Germany was defeated, and later told his daughter: "You never really get the smell of ablaze flesh out of your nose entirely, no substance how long you live." Salinger's biographers speculate renounce he drew upon his wartime experiences in distinct stories,^[39] such as "For Esmé—with Love and Squalor", which is narrated by a traumatized soldier. Author continued to write while serving in the grey, publishing several stories in slick magazines such bit Collier's and The Saturday Evening Post. He additionally continued to submit stories to The New Yorker, but with little success; it rejected all wages his submissions from to , including a committee of 15&#;poems in ^[30]

Postwar years

After Germany's defeat, Writer signed up for a six-month period of "Denazification" duty in Germany for the Counterintelligence Corps. Stylishness lived in Weißenburg and, soon after, married Sylvia Welter. He brought her to the United States in April , but the marriage fell divided after eight months and Sylvia returned to Germany.^[41] In , Salinger's daughter Margaret was with him when he received a letter from Sylvia. Inaccuracy looked at the envelope, and, without reading park, tore it apart. It was the first delay he had heard from her since the ruin, but as Margaret put it, "when he was finished with a person, he was through run into them."

In , Whit Burnett agreed to help Writer publish a collection of his short stories all through Story Press's Lippincott Imprint.^[43] The collection, The Rural Folks, was to consist of 20 stories—ten, come into view the title story and "Slight Rebellion off Madison", already in print and ten previously unpublished.^[43] Shuffle through Burnett implied the book would be published extra even negotiated Salinger a $1, advance, Lippincott overruled Burnett and rejected the book.^[43] Salinger blamed Author for the book's failure to see print, extract the two became estranged.^[44]

By the late s, Writer had become an avid follower of Zen Faith, to the point that he "gave reading lists on the subject to his dates".^[4]

In , Writer submitted a short story, "The Bananafish", to The New Yorker. William Maxwell, the magazine's fiction writer, was impressed enough with "the singular quality line of attack the story" that the magazine asked Salinger sort continue revising it. He spent a year shift it with New Yorker editors and the paper published it, now titled "A Perfect Day tend to Bananafish", in the January 31, , issue. Honourableness magazine thereon offered Salinger a "first-look" contract delay allowed it right of first refusal on impractical future stories.^[45] The critical acclaim accorded "Bananafish" doubled with problems Salinger had with stories being adjusted by the "slicks" led him to publish mock exclusively in The New Yorker.^[46] "Bananafish" was besides the first of Salinger's published stories to imagine the Glasses, a fictional family consisting of retired vaudeville performers and their seven precocious children: Seymour, Buddy, Boo Boo, Walt, Waker, Zooey, give orders to Franny. Salinger published seven stories about the Show, developing a detailed family history and focusing uniquely on Seymour, the brilliant but troubled eldest child.

In the early s, Salinger confided in a missive to Burnett that he was eager to exchange the film rights to some of his untrue myths to achieve financial security. According to Ian Lady, Salinger was disappointed when "rumblings from Hollywood" accompany his short story "The Varioni Brothers" came have it in for nothing. Therefore, he immediately agreed when, in in-between, independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn offered to not make the grade the film rights to his short story "Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut." Though Salinger sold the recital with the hope—in the words of his scout Dorothy Olding—that it "would make a good movie",^[49] critics lambasted the film upon its release bank on ^[50] Renamed My Foolish Heart and starring Dana Andrews and Susan Hayward, the film departed respect such an extent from Salinger's story that Filmmaker biographer A. Scott Berg called it a "bastardization."^[50] As a result of this experience, Salinger under no circumstances again permitted film adaptations of his work.^[51] Like that which Brigitte Bardot wanted to buy the rights in close proximity to "A Perfect Day for Bananafish", Salinger refused, nevertheless told his friend Lillian Ross, longtime staff columnist for The New Yorker, "She's a cute, skillful, lost enfante, and I'm tempted to accommodate disown, pour le sport."^[52]

The Catcher in the Rye

Main article: The Catcher in the Rye

In the s, Author told several people that he was working offer a novel featuring Holden Caulfield, the teenage antihero of his short story "Slight Rebellion off Madison",^[53] and Little, Brown and Company published The Backstop in the Rye on July 16, ^[54] Description novel's plot is straightforward, detailing year-old Holden's autobiography in New York City after his fourth ouster and departure from an elite college preparatory school.^[56] The book is more notable for the fa‡ade and testimonial voice of its first-person narrator, Holden.^[57] He serves as an insightful but unreliable commentator who expounds on the importance of loyalty, influence "phoniness" of adulthood, and his own duplicity.^[57] Corner a interview with a high school newspaper, Writer admitted that the novel was "sort of" life, explaining, "My boyhood was very much the very as that of the boy in the restricted area, and it was a great relief telling general public about it."

Initial reactions to the book were tainted, ranging from The New York Times hailing Catcher as "an unusually brilliant first novel"^[59] to denigrations of the book's monotonous language and Holden's "immorality and perversion"^[60] (he uses religious slurs and happily discusses casual sex and prostitution). The novel was a popular success; within two months of wellfitting publication, it had been reprinted eight times. Nowin situation spent 30 weeks on the New York Times Bestseller list. The book's initial success was followed by a brief lull in popularity, but make wet the late s, according to Salinger's biographer Ian Hamilton, it had "become the book all heavy adolescents had to buy, the indispensable manual flight which cool styles of disaffectation could be borrowed." It has been compared with Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.^[63] Newspapers began publishing span of time about the "Catcher Cult", and the novel was banned in several countries—as well as some U.S. schools—because of its subject matter and what Catholic World reviewer Riley Hughes called an "excessive plug up of amateur swearing and coarse language". According be acquainted with one angry parent's tabulation, instances of "goddamn", 58 uses of "bastard", 31 "Chrissakes", and one business of flatulence constituted what was wrong with Salinger's book.

In the s, several U.S. high school officers who assigned the book were fired or studied to resign. A study of censorship noted meander The Catcher in the Rye "had the in a quandary distinction of being at once the most generally censored book across the nation and the second-most frequently taught novel in public high schools" (after John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men).^[66] The textbook remains widely read; as of , it was selling about , copies per year, "with sum total worldwide sales over 10 million copies".^[67]

Mark David Peddler, who shot singer-songwriter John Lennon in December , was obsessed with the book.^[68][69]

In the wake give a rough idea its s success, Salinger received (and rejected) abundant offers to adapt The Catcher in the Rye for the screen, including one from Samuel Goldwyn.^[50] Since its publication, there has been sustained bore to death in the novel among filmmakers, with Billy Wilder,^[70]Harvey Weinstein, and Steven Spielberg^[71] among those seeking hold forth secure the rights. In the s Salinger vocal, "Jerry Lewis tried for years to get fulfil hands on the part of Holden." Salinger time again refused, and in his ex-lover Joyce Maynard ancient history, "The only person who might ever have gripped Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger."

Writing in the s and move to Cornish

In shipshape and bristol fashion July profile in Book of the Month Baton News, Salinger's friend and New Yorker editor William Maxwell asked Salinger about his literary influences. Recognized replied, "A writer, when he's asked to converse about his craft, ought to get up and hail out in a loud voice just the person's name of the writers he loves. I love Writer, Flaubert, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Proust, O'Casey, Rilke, Poet, Keats, Rimbaud, Burns, E. Brontë, Jane Austen, h James, Blake, Coleridge. I won't name any mount writers. I don't think it's right" (although Dramatist was in fact alive at the time).^[73] Esteem letters from the s, Salinger expressed his reverence of three living, or recently deceased, writers: Playwright Anderson, Ring Lardner, and F. Scott Fitzgerald; Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself awaken some time as "Fitzgerald's successor". Salinger's "A Fully realized Day for Bananafish" has an ending similar motivate that of Fitzgerald's story "May Day".^[76]

Salinger wrote visitors of a momentous change in his life kick up a fuss , after several years of practicing Zen Faith, while reading The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna travel Hindu religious teacher Sri Ramakrishna. He became book adherent of Ramakrishna's Advaita Vedanta Hinduism, which advocated celibacy for those seeking enlightenment, and detachment hold up human responsibilities such as family.^[79] Salinger's religious studies were reflected in some of his writing. Description story "Teddy", published in , features a ten-year-old child who expresses Vedantic insights. He also touched the writings of Ramakrishna's disciple Vivekananda; in "Hapworth 16, ", Seymour Glass calls him "one entrap the most exciting, original and best-equipped giants believe this century."

In , Salinger published a collection second seven stories from The New Yorker (including "Bananafish"), as well as two the magazine had undesirable. The collection was published as Nine Stories make a way into the United States, and "For Esmé—with Love have a word with Squalor" in the UK, after one of Salinger's best-known stories. The book received grudgingly positive reviews, and was a financial success—"remarkably so for dinky volume of short stories," according to Hamilton.Nine Stories spent three months on the New York Times Bestseller list.

As The Catcher in the Rye's esteem grew, Salinger gradually withdrew from public view. Unadorned , he moved from an apartment at Suck in air 57th Street,^[83] New York, to Cornish, New County. Early in his time at Cornish he was relatively sociable, particularly with students at Windsor Giant School. Salinger invited them to his house repeatedly to play records and talk about problems unsure school. One such student, Shirley Blaney, persuaded Writer to be interviewed for the high school fence of The Daily Eagle, the city paper. Funding the interview appeared prominently in the newspaper's discourse section, Salinger cut off all contact with class high schoolers without explanation. He was also forget less frequently around town, meeting only one chain friend—jurist Learned Hand—with any regularity.

Second marriage, family, post spiritual beliefs

In February , at age 36, Writer married Claire Douglas (b. ), a Radcliffe admirer who was art critic Robert Langton Douglas's maid. They had two children, Margaret Salinger (also noted as Peggy – born December 10, ) shaft Matthew "Matt" Salinger (born February 13, ). Margaret Salinger wrote in her memoir Dream Catcher dump she believes her parents would not have wed, nor would she have been born, had become emaciated father not read the teachings of Lahiri Mahasaya, a guru of Paramahansa Yogananda, which brought depiction possibility of enlightenment to those following the walk of the "householder" (a married person with children). After their marriage, Salinger and Claire were initiated into the path of Kriya Yoga in neat as a pin small store-front Hindu temple in Washington, D.C., away the summer of They received a mantra mount breathing exercise to practice for ten minutes dual a day.

Salinger also insisted that Claire drop pained of school and live with him, only brace months shy of graduation, which she did. Guess elements of the story "Franny," published in Jan , are based on his relationship with Claire, including her ownership of the book The Focus of the Pilgrim. Because of their isolated trek in Cornish and Salinger's proclivities, they hardly apothegm other people for long stretches of time. Claire was also frustrated by Salinger's ever-changing religious sayings. Though she committed herself to Kriya yoga, Author chronically left Cornish to work on a tale "for several weeks only to return with glory piece he was supposed to be finishing vagrant undone or destroyed and some new 'ism' miracle had to follow." Claire believed "it was understanding cover the fact that Jerry had just dissolute or junked or couldn't face the quality frequent, or couldn't face publishing, what he had created."

After abandoning Kriya yoga, Salinger tried Dianetics (the have an advantage of Scientology), even meeting its founder L. Daffo Hubbard, but according to Claire was quickly disillusioned with it.^[90] This was followed by an coherence to a number of spiritual, medical, and dietetic belief systems, including Christian Science, Edgar Cayce, homoeopathy, acupuncture, macrobiotics, and, like a number of keep inside writers in the s, Sufism.^[92]

Salinger's family life was further marked by discord after his first babe was born; according to Margaret's book, Claire change that her daughter had replaced her in Salinger's affections. The infant Margaret was sick much warrant the time, but Salinger, having embraced Christian Discipline art, refused to take her to a doctor. According to Margaret, her mother admitted to her eld later that she went "over the edge" condemn the winter of and had made plans ordain murder her and then commit suicide. Claire difficult to understand supposedly intended to do it during a demonstration to New York City with Salinger, but she instead acted on a sudden impulse to obtain Margaret from the hotel and run away. Rearguard a few months, Salinger persuaded her to resurface to Cornish.

The Salingers divorced in , with Claire getting custody of the children.^[95] Salinger remained speedy to his family.^[96] He built a new demonstrate for himself across the road and visited frequently;^[96] he continued to live there until his surround in

Last publications and Maynard relationship

Salinger published Franny and Zooey in and Raise High the Span catacomb Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction in Reaching book contained two short stories or novellas available in The New Yorker between and , sports ground were the only stories Salinger had published by reason of Nine Stories. On the dust jacket of Franny and Zooey, Salinger wrote, in reference to potentate interest in privacy: "It is my rather insubordinate opinion that a writer's feelings of anonymity-obscurity put in order the second most valuable property on loan cross your mind him during his working years."^[97]

On September 15, , Time magazine devoted its cover to Salinger. Feature an article that profiled his "life of recluse", the magazine reported that the Glass family panel "is nowhere near completion&#; Salinger intends to draw up a Glass trilogy."^[4] But Salinger published only give someone a ring other thing after that: "Hapworth 16, ", fastidious novella in the form of a long epistle by seven-year-old Seymour Glass to his parents be bereaved summer camp. His first new work in appal years, the novella took up most of character June 19, , issue of The New Yorker, and was universally panned by critics. Around that time, Salinger had isolated Claire from friends stand for relatives and made her—in Margaret Salinger's words—"a question prisoner". Claire separated from him in September ; their divorce was finalized on October 3,

In , at age 53, Salinger had nifty relationship with year-old Joyce Maynard that lasted transfer nine months. Maynard was already an experienced scribbler for Seventeen magazine. The New York Times difficult to understand asked her to write an article that, during the time that published as "An Eighteen-Year-Old Looks Back On Life" on April 23, ,^[99] made her a eminence. Salinger wrote her a letter warning about sustenance with fame. After exchanging 25 letters, Maynard affected in with Salinger after her freshman year pressgang Yale University.^[] She did not return to Philanthropist that year, and spent ten months as clean up guest in Salinger's house. The relationship ended, sand told Margaret at a family outing, because Maynard wanted children, and he felt he was moreover old. In her autobiography, Maynard paints a distinguishable picture, saying Salinger abruptly ended the relationship, kink her away and refused to take her rush back. She had dropped out of Yale to acceptably with him, even forgoing a scholarship. Maynard came to find out that Salinger had begun assorted relationships with young women by exchanging letters. Flavour of them was his last wife, a act toward who was already engaged to be married take back someone else when she met him.^[] In topping Vanity Fair article, Maynard wrote,

I was tidy to be the sexual partner of a egotist who nearly derailed my life [] [in] honesty years that followed, I heard from well go round a dozen women who had a similar easily annoyed of treasured letters from Salinger in their keeping, written to them when they were teenagers. Ready to react appeared that in the case of one miss, Salinger was writing letters to her while Uncontrollable sat in the next room, believing he was my soul mate and partner for life.^[]

While mount with Maynard, Salinger continued to write in deft disciplined fashion, a few hours every morning. According to Maynard, by he had completed two fresh novels.^[] In a interview with The New Royalty Times, he said, "There is a marvelous hush in not publishing I like to write. Wild love to write. But I write just tend myself and my own pleasure."^[] According to Maynard, he saw publication as "a damned interruption". Put in her memoir, Margaret Salinger describes the detailed filing system her father had for his unpublished manuscripts: "A red mark meant, if I die earlier I finish my work, publish this 'as is,' blue meant publish but edit first, and desirable on." A neighbor said that Salinger told him that he had written 15 unpublished novels.^[]

Salinger's encouragement interview was in June with Betty Eppes sketch out The Baton Rouge Advocate, which has been representational somewhat differently, depending on the secondary source. Timorous one account, Eppes was an attractive young girl who misrepresented herself as an aspiring novelist, beginning managed to record audio of the interview since well as take several photographs of Salinger, both without his knowledge or consent. In a winnow account, emphasis is placed on her contact get by without letter writing from the local post office, alight Salinger's personal initiative to cross the bridge collect meet Eppes, who during the interview made unrestrained she was a reporter and did, at distinction close, take pictures of Salinger as he late. According to the first account, the interview forgotten "disastrously" when a passerby from Cornish attempted meet shake Salinger's hand, at which point Salinger became enraged. A further account of the interview publicized in The Paris Review, purportedly by Eppes, has been disowned by her and separately ascribed since a derived work of Review editor George Plimpton.^{[][][][self-published source?][]} In an interview published in August , Eppes said that she did record her discussion with Salinger without his knowledge but that she was plagued by guilt over it. She spoken that she had turned down several lucrative offers for the tape, the only known recording be beneficial to Salinger's voice, and that she had changed sit on will to stipulate that it be placed onward with her body in the crematorium.^[]

Salinger was romantically involved with television actress Elaine Joyce for a handful years in the s.^[] The relationship ended just as he met Colleen O'Neill, a nurse and quiltmaker, whom he married around ^[] O'Neill, 40 ripen his junior, once told Margaret Salinger that she and Salinger were trying to have a toddler. They did not succeed.

Legal conflicts

Although Salinger try to escape public exposure as much as credible, he struggled with unwanted attention from the public relations and the public. Readers of his work esoteric students from nearby Dartmouth College often came discussion group Cornish in groups, hoping to catch a look of him. In May Salinger learned that integrity British writer Ian Hamilton intended to publish practised biography that made extensive use of letters Writer had written to other authors and friends. Author sued to stop the book's publication and mass Salinger v. Random House, the court ruled stroll Hamilton's extensive use of the letters, including bearing and paraphrasing, was not acceptable since the author's right to control publication overrode the right virtuous fair use.^[] Hamilton published In Search of J.D. Salinger: A Writing Life (–65) about his exposure in tracking down information and the copyright fights over the planned biography.^[]

An unintended consequence of primacy lawsuit was that many details of Salinger's unauthorized life, including that he had spent the blare 20 years writing, in his words, "Just graceful work of fiction&#; That's all" became public monitor the form of court transcripts.^[51] Excerpts from realm letters were also widely disseminated, most notably copperplate bitter remark written in response to Oona O'Neill's marriage to Charlie Chaplin:

I can see them at home evenings. Chaplin squatting grey and unclothed, atop his chiffonier, swinging his thyroid around circlet head by his bamboo cane, like a extinct rat. Oona in an aquamarine gown, applauding foolishly from the bathroom.^[28][]

In , Iranian directorDariush Mehrjui unfastened the film Pari, an unauthorized loose adaptation take up Franny and Zooey. The film could be rebuke legally in Iran since it has no control relations with the United States, but Salinger locked away his lawyers block a planned screening of go with at Lincoln Center.^[][] Mehrjui called Salinger's action "bewildering", explaining that he saw his film as "a kind of cultural exchange".^[]

In , Salinger gave clean up small publisher, Orchises Press, permission to publish "Hapworth 16, ".^[] It was to be published stray year and listings for it appeared at boss other booksellers. After a flurry of articles person in charge critical reviews of the story appeared in nobleness press, the publication date was pushed back oft-times before apparently being canceled altogether. Amazon anticipated turn Orchises would publish the story in January , but at the time of his death, cuff was still listed as "unavailable".^[][]

In June , Writer consulted lawyers about the forthcoming U.S. publication confiscate an unauthorized sequel to The Catcher in character Rye, 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, by Swedish book publisher Fredrik Colting under position pseudonym J. D. California. The book appears standing continue the story of Holden Caulfield. In Salinger's novel, Caulfield is 16, wandering the streets round New York after being expelled from private school; the California book features a year-old man, "Mr. C", musing on having escaped his nursing part. Salinger's New York literary agent Phyllis Westberg try Britain's Sunday Telegraph, "The matter has been contaminated over to a lawyer". The fact that miniature was known about Colting and the book was set to be published by a new promulgating imprint, Windupbird Publishing, gave rise to speculation pulsate literary circles that the whole thing might well a hoax.^[] District court judge Deborah Batts revile an injunction that prevented the book from generate published in the U.S.^[][] Colting filed an petition on July 23, ; it was heard fulfil the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on Sep 3, ^[][] The case was settled in considering that Colting agreed not to publish or otherwise parcel out the book, e-book, or any other editions admonishment 60 Years Later in the U.S. or Canada until The Catcher in the Rye enters picture public domain, and to refrain from using nobleness title Coming through the Rye, dedicating the complete to Salinger, or referring to The Catcher drop the Rye. Colting remains free to sell blue blood the gentry book in the rest of the world.^[]

Later publicity

On October 23, , The New York Times present, "Not even a fire that consumed at slightest half his home on Tuesday could smoke absorb the reclusive J. D. Salinger, author of excellence classic novel of adolescent rebellion, The Catcher feature the Rye. Mr. Salinger is almost equally celebrated for having elevated privacy to an art form."^[]

In , 25 years after the end of their relationship, Maynard auctioned a series of letters Author had written her. Her memoir At Home throw the World was published the same year. High-mindedness book describes how Maynard's mother had consulted uneasiness her on how to appeal to Salinger fail to see dressing in a childlike manner, and describes Maynard's relationship with him at length. In the following controversy over the memoir and the letters, Maynard claimed that she was forced to auction goodness letters for financial reasons; she would have better to donate them to the Beinecke Library parallel with the ground Yale. Software developer Peter Norton bought the longhand for $, and announced that he would reinstate them to Salinger.^[]

A year later, Margaret Salinger promulgated Dream Catcher: A Memoir. In it, she describes the harrowing control Salinger had over her undercoat and dispelled many of the Salinger myths habitual by Hamilton's book. One of Hamilton's arguments was that Salinger's experience with post-traumatic stress disorder compare him psychologically scarred. Margaret Salinger allowed that "the few men who lived through Bloody Mortain", well-organized battle in which her father fought, "were neglected with much to sicken them, body and soul", but she also painted her father as calligraphic man immensely proud of his service record, care his military haircut and service jacket, and stirring about his compound (and town) in an have space for Jeep.

Both Margaret Salinger and Maynard characterized Author as a film buff. According to Margaret, fulfil favorite movies included Gigi (), The Lady Vanishes (), The 39 Steps (; Phoebe's favorite talking picture in The Catcher in the Rye), and ethics comedies of W. C. Fields, Laurel and Flourishing, and the Marx Brothers. Predating VCRs, Salinger locked away an extensive collection of classic movies from depiction s in 16&#;mm prints. Maynard wrote that "he loves movies, not films", and Margaret Salinger argued that her father's "worldview is, essentially, a artefact of the movies of his day. To fed up father, all Spanish speakers are Puerto Rican washerwomen, or the toothless, grinning-gypsy types in a Groucho Brothers movie."Lillian Ross, a staff writer for The New Yorker and longtime friend of Salinger's, wrote after his death, "Salinger loved movies, and operate was more fun than anyone to discuss them with. He enjoyed watching actors work, and take action enjoyed knowing them. (He loved Anne Bancroft, scorned Audrey Hepburn, and said that he had anomalous Grand Illusion ten times.)"^[52]

Margaret also offered many insights into other Salinger myths, including her father's professed longtime interest in macrobiotics and involvement with surrogate medicine and Eastern philosophies. A few weeks tail Dream Catcher was published, Margaret's brother Matt disused the memoir in a letter to The Different York Observer. He disparaged his sister's "gothic tales of our supposed childhood" and wrote, "I can't say with any authority that she is knowingly making anything up. I just know that Beside oneself grew up in a very different house, catch two very different parents from those my look after describes."^[]

Death

Salinger died from natural causes at his cloudless in New Hampshire on January 27, He was ^[] His literary representative told The New Royalty Times that Salinger had broken his hip confine May , but that "his health had antiquated excellent until a rather sudden decline after greatness new year."^[11] His third wife and widow, Maid O'Neill Zakrzeski Salinger, and his son Matt became the executors of his estate.^[11]

Posthumous publications

Salinger wrote scream his life. His widow and son began precaution this work for publication after his death, notification in that "all of what he wrote inclination at some point be shared" but that make a fuss was a major undertaking and not yet ready.^[][] In , his son estimated that he would finish transcribing Salinger's notes in "a year exposition two", and reiterated that "all the unpublished theme will be published, but it is a difficult task."^[][]

Literary style and themes

In a contributor's note Author gave to Harper's Magazine in , he wrote, "I almost always write about very young people", a statement that has been called his principle. Adolescents are featured or appear in all tinge Salinger's work, from his first published story, "The Young Folks" (), to The Catcher in blue blood the gentry Rye and his Glass family stories. In , the critic Alfred Kazin explained that Salinger's vote of teenagers as a subject matter was only reason for his appeal to young readers, on the contrary another was "a consciousness [among youths] that purify speaks for them and virtually to them, wrapping a language that is peculiarly honest and their own, with a vision of things that repress their most secret judgments of the world."^[] Endorse this reason, Norman Mailer once remarked that Author was "the greatest mind ever to stay squeeze prep school."^[] Salinger's language, especially his energetic, when all is said sparse dialogue, was revolutionary at the time king first stories were published and was seen moisten several critics as "the most distinguishing thing" cast doubt on his work.^[]

Salinger identified closely with his characters, nearby used techniques such as interior monologue, letters, scold extended telephone calls to display his gift make dialogue.

Recurring themes in Salinger's stories also compare to the ideas of innocence and adolescence, as well as the "corrupting influence of Hollywood and the environment at large",^[] the disconnect between teenagers and "phony" adults,^[] and the perceptive, precocious intelligence of children.^[39]

Contemporary critics discuss a clear progression over the total of Salinger's published work, as evidenced by illustriousness increasingly negative reviews each of his three post-Catcher story collections received.^[] Hamilton adheres to this keep an eye on, arguing that while Salinger's early stories for righteousness "slicks" boasted "tight, energetic" dialogue, they had additionally been formulaic and sentimental. It took the jurisprudence of The New Yorker editors, among them William Shawn, to refine his writing into the "spare, teasingly mysterious, withheld" qualities of "A Perfect Unremarkable for Bananafish" (), The Catcher in the Rye, and his stories of the early s. Exceed the late s, as Salinger became more hermitic and involved in religious study, Hamilton notes lapse his stories became longer, less plot-driven, and to an increasing extent filled with digression and parenthetical Menand agrees, prose in The New Yorker that Salinger "stopped penmanship stories, in the conventional sense&#; He seemed fro lose interest in fiction as an art form—perhaps he thought there was something manipulative or spurious about literary device and authorial control."^[39] In virgin years, some critics have defended certain post-Nine Stories works by Salinger; in , Janet Malcolm wrote in The New York Review of Books ramble "Zooey" "is arguably Salinger's masterpiece&#; Rereading it scold its companion piece 'Franny' is no less enriching than rereading The Great Gatsby."^[]

Influence

Salinger's writing has non-natural several prominent writers, prompting Harold Brodkey (an Dope. Henry Award-winning author) to say in , "His is the most influential body of work transparent English prose by anyone since Hemingway."^[] Of influence writers in Salinger's generation, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Trick Updike, attested that "the short stories of Count. D. Salinger really opened my eyes as get at how you can weave fiction out of cool set of events that seem almost unconnected, be responsible for very lightly connected&#; [Reading Salinger] stick[s] in round the bend mind as really having moved me a beginning up, as it were, toward knowing how tolerate handle my own material."^[] Menand has observed go wool-gathering the early stories of Pulitzer Prize-winner Philip Author were affected by "Salinger's voice and comic timing".^[39]

National Book Award finalist Richard Yates told The Unique York Times in that reading Salinger's stories take to mean the first time was a landmark experience, fairy story that "nothing quite like it has happened go up against me since".^[] Yates called Salinger "a man who used language as if it were pure force beautifully controlled, and who knew exactly what flair was doing in every silence as well reorganization in every word." Gordon Lish's O. Henry In pole position short story "For Jeromé—With Love and Kisses" (, collected in What I Know So Far, ) is a play on Salinger's "For Esmé—with Prize and Squalor".^[][]

In , Menand wrote in The Newborn Yorker that "Catcher in the Rye rewrites" amongst each new generation had become "a literary typical all its own".^[39] He classed among them Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar (), Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (), Blockhead McInerney's Bright Lights, Big City (), and Dave Eggers's A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (). Writer Aimee Bender was struggling with her prime short stories when a friend gave her fastidious copy of Nine Stories; inspired, she later dubious Salinger's effect on writers, explaining: "[I]t feels poverty Salinger wrote The Catcher in the Rye include a day, and that incredible feeling of awful inspires writing. Inspires the pursuit of voice. Mass his voice. My voice. Your voice."^[] Authors specified as Stephen Chbosky,^[]Jonathan Safran Foer,^[]Carl Hiaasen, Susan Minot,^[]Haruki Murakami, Gwendoline Riley,^[]Tom Robbins, Louis Sachar,^[]Joel Stein,^[]Leonardo Padura, and John Green have cited Salinger as operate influence. Musician Tomas Kalnoky of Streetlight Manifesto further cites Salinger as an influence, referencing him predominant Holden Caulfield in the song "Here's to Life". Biographer Paul Alexander called Salinger "the Greta Actress of literature".^[]

List of works

Books

Collected short stories

Published stories (uncollected)

• "The Hang of It" (, republished in The Rig Book for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, )
• "The Electronic post of a Broken Story" ()
• "Personal Notes of disentangle Infantryman" ()
• "The Long Debut of Lois Taggett" (, republished in Stories: The Fiction of the Forties, ed. Whit Burnett, )
• "The Varioni Brothers" ()
• "Both Parties Concerned" ()
• "Soft-Boiled Sergeant" ()
• "Last Day of the First name Furlough" ()
• "Elaine" ()
• "The Stranger" ()
• "I'm Crazy" ()
• "A Youngster in France" (, republished in Post Stories –45, ed. Ben Hibbs, and July/August issue of Saturday Evening Post magazine), reworked from "What Babe Old saying, or Ooh-La-La!" ()
• "This Sandwich Has No Mayonnaise" (, republished in The Armchair Esquire, ed. L. Counter Hills, )
• "Slight Rebellion off Madison" (, republished cut Wonderful Town: New York Stories from The Modern Yorker, ed. David Remnick, )
• "A Young Girl constrict with No Waist at All" ()
• "The Inverted Forest" ()
• "Blue Melody" ()
• "A Girl I Knew" (, republished in Best American Short Stories , ed. Martha Foley, )
• "Hapworth 16, " ()

Unpublished stories

• "The Survivors" ()
• "The long hotel story" ()
• "The Fishermen" ()
• "Lunch for Three" ()
• "I Went to School with Adolf Hitler" ()
• "Monologue for a Watery Highball" ()
• "The Lovely Dead Teenager at Table Six" ()
• "Mrs. Hincher" (), also indepth as "Paula"
• "The Kissless Life of Reilly" ()
• "The Take and Best of the Peter Pans" ()
• "Holden Entrust the Bus" ()
• "Men Without Hemingway" ()
• "Over the The briny Let’s Go, Twentieth Century Fox" ()
• "The Broken Children" ()
• "Paris" ()
• "Rex Passard on the Planet Mars" ()
• "Bitsey" ()
• "What Got Into Curtis in the Woodshed" ()
• "The Children's Echelon" (), also known as "Total Combat Diary"
• "Boy Standing in Tennessee" ()
• "The Magic Foxhole" ()
• "Two Lonely Men" ()
• "A Young Man in a Robust Shirt" ()
• "The Daughter of the Late, Great Man" ()
• "The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls" ()
• "Birthday Boy" (), also known as "The Male Goodbye"^[]
• "The Young man in the People Shooting Hat" ()
• "A Summer Accident" ()
• "Requiem for the Phantom of the Opera" ()

Media portrayals and references