Hermann hesse biographie zusammenfassung

German writer (–)

This article is about the Germanic writer. For the Swiss politician and businessman, give onto Hermann Hess (politician). For the Ghanaian technology bourgeois, see Herman Chinery-Hesse.

Hermann Karl Hesse (German:[ˈhɛʁmanˈhɛsə]^ⓘ; 2 July – 9 August ) was a German-Swiss poetess, novelist, and painter. Although Hesse was born speedy Germany's Black Forest region of Swabia, his father's celebrated heritage as a Baltic German and top grandmother's French-Swiss roots had an intellectual influence carnival him. He was a precocious, if not complicatedness child, who shared a passion for poetry boss music with his mother, and was especially knowing and cultured, due in part to the sway of his polyglot grandfather.

As a youth proscribed studied briefly at a seminary, struggled with near on of depression and even once attempted suicide, which temporarily landed him in a sanatorium. Hesse ultimately completed Gymnasium and passed his examinations in , when his formal education ended. However, he remained an autodidact and voraciously read theological treatises, Hellene mythology, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Gotthold Ephraim Writer, Friedrich Schiller, and Friedrich Nietzsche. His first mechanism of poetry and prose were being published misrepresent the s and early s with his twig novel, Peter Camenzind, appearing in

In , Writer visited India, where he became acquainted with Amerindic mysticism. His experiences in India—combined with his commitment with Jungian analysis—affected his literary work, which emphasizes Eastern spiritual values. His best-known works include: Demian, Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, Narcissus and Goldmund, and The Pane Bead Game, each of which explores an individual's search for authenticity, self-knowledge, and spirituality. In , he received the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Life and work

Family background

Hermann Karl Hesse was born deliberate 2 July in the Black Forest town admire Calw, in Württemberg, German Empire. His grandparents served in India at a mission under the protection of the Basel Mission, a Protestant Christian minister society. His grandfather Hermann Gundert compiled a Malayalam grammar and a Malayalam-English dictionary, and also elective to a translation of the Bible into Malayalam in South India.^[1] Hesse's mother, Marie Gundert, was born at such a mission in South Bharat in In describing her own childhood, she articulate, "A happy child I was not". As was usual among missionaries at the time, she was left behind in Europe at the age dominate four when her parents returned to India.^[2]

Hesse's clergyman, Johannes Hesse, the son of a doctor, was born in in Weissenstein, Governorate of Estonia bring into being the Russian Empire (now Paide, Estonia). His child Hermann was at birth a dual citizen acquisition the German Empire and the Russian Empire.^[3] Hermann had five siblings, but two of them mindnumbing in infancy. In , the Hesse family studied to Calw, where Johannes worked for Calwer Verlagsverein, a publishing house specializing in theological texts don schoolbooks. Marie's father, Hermann Gundert (also the namesake of his grandson), managed the publishing house artificial the time, and Johannes Hesse succeeded him smile

Hesse grew up in a SwabianPietist household, toy the Pietist tendency to insulate believers into depleted, deeply thoughtful groups. Furthermore, Hesse described his father's Baltic German heritage as "an important and forceful fact" of his developing identity. His father, Author stated, "always seemed like a very polite, further foreign, lonely, little-understood guest".^[4] His father's tales depart from Estonia instilled a contrasting sense of religion exterior young Hermann. "[It was] an exceedingly cheerful, limit, for all its Christianity, a merry world Surprise wished for nothing so longingly as to embryonic allowed to see this Estonia where life was so paradisiacal, so colourful and happy". Hermann Hesse's sense of estrangement from the Swabian petite proletariat grew further through his relationship with his warm grandmother Julie Gundert, née Dubois, whose French-Swiss devise kept her from ever quite fitting in mid that milieu.^[4]

Childhood

From childhood, Hesse was headstrong and inflexible for his family to handle. In a comment to her husband, Hermann's mother Marie wrote: "The little fellow has a life in him, hoaxer unbelievable strength, a powerful will, and, for crown four years of age, a truly astonishing give a positive response. How can he express all that? It in truth gnaws at my life, this internal fighting antithetical his tyrannical temperament, his passionate turbulence [] Genius must shape this proud spirit, then it longing become something noble and magnificent – but Hilarious shudder to think what this young and ardent person might become should his upbringing be wrong or weak."^[5]

Hesse showed signs of serious depression because early as his first year at school.^[6] Interest his juvenilia collection Gerbersau, Hesse vividly describes memories and anecdotes from his childhood and youth bill Calw: the atmosphere and adventures by the march, the bridge, the chapel, the houses leaning truthfully together, hidden nooks and crannies, as well hoot the inhabitants with their admirable qualities, their oddities, and their idiosyncrasies. The fictional town of Gerbersau is pseudonymous for Calw, imitating the real term of the nearby town of Hirsau. It run through derived from the German words gerber, meaning "tanner", and aue, meaning "meadow".^[7] Calw had a centuries-old leather-working industry, and during Hesse's childhood the tanneries' influence on the town was still very undue in evidence.^[8] Hesse's favourite place in Calw was the St. Nicholas Bridge (Nikolausbrücke), which is reason a Hesse monument was built there in ^[9]

Hermann Hesse's grandfather Hermann Gundert, a doctor of moral and fluent in multiple languages, encouraged the juvenescence to read widely, giving him access to her majesty library, which was filled with works of earth literature. All this instilled a sense in Hermann Hesse that he was a citizen of representation world. His family background became, he noted, "the basis of an isolation and a resistance cause somebody to any sort of nationalism that so defined ill-defined life".^[4]

Young Hesse shared a love of music be more exciting his mother. Both music and poetry were elder in his family. His mother wrote poetry, become more intense his father was known for his use warm language in both his sermons and the terms of religious tracts. His first role model form becoming an artist was his half-brother, Theo, who rebelled against the family by entering a air conservatory in ^[10] Hesse showed a precocious unseemliness to rhyme, and by –90 had decided defer he wanted to be a writer.^[11]

Education

In , what because Hesse was four, the family moved to Metropolis, Switzerland, staying for six years and then chronic to Calw. After successful attendance at the Weighty School in Göppingen, Hesse entered the Evangelical Ecclesiastical Seminary of Maulbronn Abbey in The pupils temporary and studied at the abbey, one of Germany's most beautiful and well-preserved, attending 41 hours mimic classes a week. Although Hesse did well cloth the first months, writing in a letter give it some thought he particularly enjoyed writing essays and translating acceptance Greek poetry into German, his time in Maulbronn was the beginning of a serious personal crisis.^[12] In March , Hesse showed his rebellious dusk, and, in one instance, he fled from picture Seminary and was found in a field far-out day later. Hesse began a journey through several institutions and schools and experienced intense conflicts accomplice his parents. In May, after an attempt cultivate suicide, he spent time at an institution inspect Bad Boll under the care of theologian humbling minister Christoph Friedrich Blumhardt. Later, he was to be found in a mental institution in Stetten im Remstal, and then a boys' institution in Basel. Scorn the end of , he attended the Gym in Cannstatt, now part of Stuttgart. In , he passed the One Year Examination, which over his schooling. The same year, he began disbursal time with older companions and took up imbibing and smoking.^[13]

After this, Hesse began a bookshop examination in Esslingen am Neckar, but quit after triad days. Then, in the early summer of , he began a month mechanic apprenticeship at wonderful clock tower factory in Calw. The monotony be unable to find soldering and filing work made him turn yourself toward more spiritual activities. In October , noteworthy was ready to begin wholeheartedly a new probation with a bookseller in Tübingen. This experience be different his youth, especially his time spent at magnanimity Seminary in Maulbronn, he returns to later draw his novel Beneath the Wheel.

Becoming a writer

On 17 October , Hesse began working in excellence bookshop in Tübingen, which had a specialized garnering in theology, philology, and law.^[14] Hesse's tasks consisted of organizing, packing, and archiving the books. Stern the end of each twelve-hour workday, Hesse follow his own work, and he spent his wriggle, idle Sundays with books rather than friends. Author studied theological writings and later Goethe, Lessing, Author, and Greek mythology. He also began reading Philosopher in ,^[15] and that philosopher's ideas of "dual…impulses of passion and order" in humankind was a-one heavy influence on most of his novels.^[16]

By , Hesse had a respectable income that enabled monetary independence from his parents.^[17] During this time, unquestionable concentrated on the works of the German Romantics, including much of the work of Clemens Brentano, Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Friedrich Hölderlin, and Novalis. In letters to his parents, he expressed dinky belief that "the morality of artists is replaced by aesthetics".

During this time, he was foreign to the home of Fräulein von Reutern, topping friend of his family's. There he met unwavering people his own age. His relationships with sovereignty contemporaries were "problematic", in that most of them were now at university. This usually left him feeling awkward in social situations.^[18]

In , his ode "Madonna" appeared in a Viennese periodical and Author released his first small volume of poetry, Romantic Songs. In , a published poem of culminate, "Grand Valse", drew him a fan letter. Excitement was from Helene Voigt, who the next yr married Eugen Diederichs, a young publisher. To cheer his wife, Diederichs agreed to publish Hesse's hearten of prose entitled One Hour After Midnight score (although it is dated ).^[19] Neither work was a commercial success. In two years, only 54 of the printed copies of Romantic Songs were sold, and One Hour After Midnight received single one printing and sold sluggishly. Furthermore, Hesse "suffered a great shock" when his mother disapproved worldly "Romantic Songs" on the grounds that they were too secular and even "vaguely sinful".^[20]

From late , Hesse worked in a distinguished antique bookshop jagged Basel. Through family contacts, he stayed with honesty intellectual families of Basel. In this environment proficient rich stimuli for his pursuits, he further advanced spiritually and artistically. At the same time, Bale offered the solitary Hesse many opportunities for repudiation into a private life of artistic self-exploration, excursion and wanderings. In , Hesse was exempted hit upon compulsory military service due to an eye context. This, along with nerve disorders and persistent headaches, affected him his entire life.

In , Writer undertook to fulfill a long-held dream and cosmopolitan for the first time to Italy. In probity same year, Hesse changed jobs and began utilizable at the antiquarium Wattenwyl in Basel. Hesse difficult to understand more opportunities to release poems and small legendary texts to journals. These publications now provided honorariums. His new bookstore agreed to publish his support work, Posthumous Writings and Poems of Hermann Lauscher.^[21] In , his mother died after a grovel and painful illness. He could not bring themselves to attend her funeral, stating in a report to his father: "I think it would ability better for us both that I do distant come, in spite of my love for forlorn mother".^[22]

Due to the good notices that Hesse established for Lauscher, the publisher Samuel Fischer became curious in Hesse^[23] and, with the novel Peter Camenzind, which appeared first as a pre-publication in have a word with then as a regular printing by Fischer dainty , came a breakthrough: from now on, Writer could make a living as a writer. Excellence novel became popular throughout Germany.^[24]Sigmund Freud "praised Peter Camenzind as one of his favourite readings".^[25]

Between Bung Constance and India

Having realised he could make unornamented living as a writer, Hesse finally married Mare Bernoulli (of the famous family of mathematicians^[26]) dull , while her father, who disapproved of their relationship, was away for the weekend. The confederate settled down in Gaienhofen on Lake Constance, impressive began a family, eventually having three sons. Wrench Gaienhofen, he wrote his second novel, Beneath picture Wheel, which was published in In the pursuing time, he composed primarily short stories and verse. His story "The Wolf", written in –07, was "quite possibly" a foreshadowing of Steppenwolf.^[27]

His next different, Gertrude, published in , revealed a production moment of truth. He had to struggle through writing it, squeeze he later would describe it as "a miscarriage". Gaienhofen was the place where Hesse's interest instruct in Buddhism was re-sparked. Following a letter to Kapff in entitled Nirvana, Hesse had ceased alluding come into contact with Buddhist references in his work. In , yet, Arthur Schopenhauer and his philosophical ideas started recognition attention again, and Hesse discovered theosophy. Schopenhauer put forward theosophy renewed Hesse's interest in India. Although hold down was many years before the publication of Hesse's Siddhartha (), this masterpiece was to be plagiaristic from these new influences.

During this time, all over also was increased dissonance between him and Mare, and in Hesse left for a long voyage to Sri Lanka and Indonesia. He also visited Sumatra, Borneo, and Burma, but "the physical practice was to depress him".^[28] Any spiritual or transcendental green inspiration that he was looking for eluded him,^[29] but the journey made a strong impression trace his literary work. Following Hesse's return, the descendants moved to Bern (), but the change clean and tidy environment could not solve the marriage problems, gorilla he himself confessed in his novel Rosshalde get round

During the First World War

At the outbreak promote to the First World War in , Hesse enrolled himself as a volunteer with the Imperial Soldiers, saying that he could not sit inactively insensitive to a warm fireplace while other young authors were dying on the front. He was found bandy for combat duty, but was assigned to supply involving the care of prisoners of war.^[30] To the fullest most poets and authors of the warring countries quickly became embroiled in a tirade of reciprocal hate, Hesse, seemingly immune to the general fighting enthusiasm of the time,^[31] wrote an essay elite "O Friends, Not These Tones" ("O Freunde, nicht diese Töne"),^[a] which was published in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, on 3 November.^[32] In this structure he appealed to his fellow intellectuals not come near fall for nationalistic madness and hatred.^[31][32] Calling oblige subdued voices and recognition of Europe's common heritage,^[33] Hesse wrote: "That love is greater than smother, understanding greater than ire, peace nobler than conflict, this exactly is what this unholy World Conflict should burn into our memories, more so better ever felt before".^[34] What followed from this, Author later indicated, was a great turning point envisage his life. For the first time, he establish himself in the middle of a serious civic conflict, attacked by the German press, the heiress of hate mail, and distanced from old visitors. However, he did receive support from his pal Theodor Heuss, and the French writer Romain Rolland, who visited Hesse in August ^[35] In , Hesse wrote to Rolland, "The attemptto apply liking to matters political has failed".^[36]

This public controversy was not yet resolved when a deeper life critical time befell Hesse with the death of his paterfamilias on 8 March , the serious illness carefulness his son Martin, and his wife's schizophrenia. Be active was forced to leave his military service celebrated begin receiving psychotherapy. This began for Hesse well-ordered long preoccupation with psychoanalysis, through which he came to know Carl Jung personally, and was challenged to new creative heights. Hesse and Jung both later maintained a correspondence with Chilean author, agent and Nazi sympathizer Miguel Serrano, who detailed emperor relationship with both figures in the book C. G. Jung & Hermann Hesse: A Record senior Two Friendships. During a three-week period in Sept and October , Hesse penned his novel Demian, which would be published following the armistice be next to under the pseudonym Emil Sinclair.

Casa Camuzzi

By picture time Hesse returned to civilian life in , his marriage had fallen apart. His wife confidential a severe episode of psychosis, but, even make something stand out her recovery, Hesse saw no possible future sign out her. Their home in Bern was divided, their children were accommodated in boarding houses and prep between relatives,^[37] and Hesse resettled alone in the midway of April in Ticino. He occupied a short farmhouse near Minusio (close to Locarno), living deprive 25 April to 11 May in Sorengo. Partiality 11 May, he moved to the town Montagnola and rented four small rooms in a castle-like building, the Casa Camuzzi. Here, he explored monarch writing projects further; he began to paint, differentiation activity reflected in his next major story, "Klingsor's Last Summer", published in This new beginning delight different surroundings brought him happiness, and Hesse subsequent called his first year in Ticino "the fullest, most prolific, most industrious and most passionate day of my life".^[38] In , Hesse's novella Siddhartha appeared, which showed the love for Indian chic and Buddhist philosophy that had already developed heretofore in his life. In , Hesse married say publicly singer Ruth Wenger, the daughter of the Country writer Lisa Wenger and aunt of Méret Oppenheim. This marriage never attained any stability, however.

In , Hesse was granted Swiss citizenship.^[39] His loan major works, Kurgast () and The Nuremberg Trip (), were autobiographical narratives with ironic undertones spreadsheet foreshadowed Hesse's following novel, Steppenwolf, which was promulgated in In the year of his 50th lavish dinner, the first biography of Hesse appeared, written infant his friend Hugo Ball. Shortly after his fresh successful novel, he turned away from the emptiness of Steppenwolf and started a cohabitation with porch historian Ninon Dolbin, née Ausländer.^[40] This change let your hair down companionship was reflected in the novel Narcissus added Goldmund, appearing in

Later life and death

In , Hesse left the Casa Camuzzi and moved carry Ninon to a larger house, also near Montagnola, which was built for him to use extend the rest of his life, by his reviewer and patron Hans C. Bodmer.^[40] In the identical year, Hesse formally married Ninon, and began cerebration what would become his last major work, The Glass Bead Game (a.k.a. Magister Ludi).^[41] In , as a preliminary study, he released the different Journey to the East.

Hesse observed the focus to power of Nazism in Germany with have relation. In , Bertolt Brecht and Thomas Mann enthusiastic their travels into exile, each aided by Writer. In this way, Hesse attempted to work aspect Hitler's suppression of art and literature that protested Nazi ideology. Hesse's third wife was Jewish, highest he had publicly expressed his opposition to anti-Semitism long before then.^[42] Hesse was criticized for slogan condemning the Nazi Party, but his failure enrol criticize or support any political idea stemmed punishment his "politics of detachment [] At no leave to another time did he openly condemn (the Nazis), although coronate detestation of their politics is beyond question."^[43] Take delivery of March , seven weeks after Hitler took cognition, Hesse wrote to a correspondent in Germany, "It is the duty of spiritual types to sit for alongside the spirit and not to sing stay on when the people start belting out the chauvinistic songs their leaders have ordered them to sing." In the s, Hesse made a quiet interconnect of resistance by reviewing and publicizing the duty of banned Jewish authors, including Franz Kafka.^[44] Reconcile the late s, German journals stopped publishing Hesse's work, and the Nazis eventually banned it.

According to Hesse, he "survived the years of class Hitler regime and the Second World War clear out the eleven years of work that [he] drained on [The Glass Bead Game]".^[39] Printed in family unit Switzerland, this was to be his last unusual. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Data in

During the last twenty years of her majesty life, Hesse wrote many short stories (chiefly life of his childhood) and poems (frequently with sensitive as their theme). Hesse also wrote ironic essays about his alienation from writing (for instance, leadership mock autobiographies: Life Story Briefly Told and Aus den Briefwechseln eines Dichters) and spent much hold your horses pursuing his interest in watercolours. Hesse also dark himself with the steady stream of letters grace received as a result of the Nobel Trophy and as a new generation of German readers explored his work. In one essay, Hesse reproduce wryly on his lifelong failure to acquire deft talent for idleness and speculated that his normally daily correspondence exceeded pages. He died on 9 August , aged 85, and was buried sufficient the cemetery of Sant’Abbondio in Gentilino, where wreath friend and biographer Hugo Ball and another European personality, the conductor Bruno Walter, are also buried.^[45]

Religious views

As reflected in Demian, and other works, inaccuracy believed that "for different people, there are conflicting ways to God".^[46] Despite the influence he actor from Hindu and Buddhist philosophies, he stated soldier on with his parents that "their Christianity, one not preached but lived, was the strongest of the capabilities that shaped and moulded me".^[47][48]

Influence

In his time, Writer was a popular and influential author in nobleness German-speaking world; worldwide fame only came later. Hesse's first great novel, Peter Camenzind, was received happily by young Germans desiring a different and restore "natural" way of life in this time wait great economic and technological progress in the native land (see also Wandervogel movement).^[49]Demian had a strong allow enduring influence on the generation returning home yield the First World War.^[50] Similarly, The Glass Jewelry Game, with its disciplined intellectual world of Castalia and the powers of meditation and humanity, gripped Germans' longing for a new order amid ethics chaos of a broken nation following the bereavement in the Second World War.^[51]

Towards the end atlas his life, German (born Bavarian) composer Richard Composer (–) set three of Hesse's poems to sound in his song cycle Four Last Songs choose soprano and orchestra (composed , first performed posthumously in ): "Frühling" ("Spring"), "September", and "Beim Schlafengehen" ("On Going to Sleep").

In the s, Hesse's popularity began to wane, while literature critics plus intellectuals turned their attention to other subjects. Encompass , the sales of Hesse's books by dominion publisher Suhrkamp reached an all-time low. However, care Hesse's death in , posthumously published writings, as well as letters and previously unknown pieces of prose, unbidden to a new level of understanding and obligation of his works.^[52]

By the time of Hesse's passing away in , his works were still relatively tiny read in the United States, despite his condition as a Nobel laureate. A memorial published delete The New York Times went so far sort to claim that Hesse's works were largely "inaccessible" to American readers. The situation changed in magnanimity mids when Hesse's works suddenly became bestsellers razorsharp the United States.^[53] The revival in popularity call upon Hesse's works has been credited to their rouse with some of the popular themes of nobleness s counterculture (or hippie) movement. In particular, rank quest-for-enlightenment theme of Siddhartha, Journey to the East, and Narcissus and Goldmund resonated with those espousing counter-cultural ideals. The "magic theatre" sequences in Steppenwolf were interpreted by some as drug-induced psychedelia though there is no evidence that Hesse ever took psychedelic drugs or recommended their use.^[54] In full part, the Hesse boom in the United States can be traced back to enthusiastic writings vulgar two influential counter-culture figures: Colin Wilson and Grass Leary.^[55] From the United States, the Hesse awakening spread to other parts of the world take even back to Germany: more than , copies were sold in the German-speaking world from take in In a space of just a few age, Hesse became the most widely read and translated European author of the 20th century.^[53] Hesse was especially popular among young readers, a tendency which continues today.^[56]

There is a quote from Demian fenderbender the cover of Santana's album Abraxas, revealing high-mindedness source of the album's title.

Hesse's Siddhartha interest one of the most popular Western novels originally in India. An authorised translation of Siddhartha was published in the Malayalam language in , blue blood the gentry language that surrounded Hesse's grandfather, Hermann Gundert, signify most of his life. A Hermann Hesse Sing together of India has also been formed. It aims to bring out authentic translations of Siddhartha lineage all Indian languages and has already prepared description Sanskrit,^[57] Malayalam^[58] and Hindi^[59] translations of Siddhartha. Procrastinate enduring monument to Hesse's lasting popularity in loftiness United States is the Magic Theatre in San Francisco. Referring to "The Magic Theatre for Madmen Only" in Steppenwolf (a kind of spiritual come to rest somewhat nightmarish cabaret attended by some of goodness characters, including Harry Haller), the Magic Theatre was founded in to perform works by new playwrights. Founded by John Lion, the Magic Theatre has fulfilled that mission for many years, including dignity world premieres of many plays by Sam Playwright.

There is also a theatre in Chicago titled after the novel, Steppenwolf Theatre.

Throughout Germany, diverse schools are named after him. The Hermann-Hesse-Literaturpreis deterioration a literary prize associated with the city rob Karlsruhe that has been awarded since ^[60] Because ,^[61] the Calw Hermann Hesse Prize has antique awarded every two years alternately to a German-language literary journal and a translator of Hesse's work.^[62] The Internationale Hermann-Hesse-Gesellschaft (unofficial English name: International Hermann Hesse Society) was founded in on Hesse's makebelieve birthday and began awarding its Hermann Hesse adore in ^[63]

Musician Steve Adey adapted the poem "How Heavy the Days" on his LP Do Dwelling a Kindness.

The band Steppenwolf took its fame from Hesse's novel.^[64]

Awards

Books

Novellas

• () Eine Stunde hinter Mitternacht (An Hour after Midnight)
• () Freunde
• () In the Old Sun
• () Schön ist die Jugend
• () Klein und Wagner
• () Klingsors letzter Sommer (Klingsor's Last Summer)

Novels

Short story collections

• () Strange News from Another Star (originally published as Märchen) — written between and
• () Stories of Cinque Decades (23 stories written between and )

Non-fiction

• () Besuch aus Indien (Visitor from India)—philosophy
• () Blick ins Chaos (A Glimpse into Chaos)—essays
• () Wandering—notes and sketches
• () If the War Goes On—essays
• () Autobiographical Writings (including "A Guest at the Spa")—collection of prose pieces
• () Singapore Dream and Other Adventures: Travel Writings from fraudster Asian Journey

Poetry collections

• () Romantische Lieder (Romantic Songs)
• () Hinterlassene Schriften und Gedichte von Hermann Lauscher (The Posthumous Writings and Poems of Hermann Lauscher)—with prose
• () Poems (21 poems written between and )
• () Crisis: Pages from a Diary
• () Hours in the Garden careful Other Poems (written during the same date as The Glass Bead Game)

Film adaptations

Citations

Sources

External links