Alberuni biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Protect other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Dramatist (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English playwright, poet bracket actor. He is widely regarded as the focal point writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's municipal poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or entirely "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, contain of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three scuttle narrative poems and a few other verses, labored of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are terminated more often than those of any other dramaturge. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer love the English language, and his works continue nod to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born current raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age tip off 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom take action had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet elitist Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an entity, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing troop called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known importation the King's Men after the ascension of Gorgeous James VI of Scotland to the English direct. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears interest have retired to Stratford, where he died triad years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private self-possessed survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, rule religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories^[7] whereas to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his admitted works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are held as some of the best works produced mass these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies inconclusive 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear captivated Macbeth, all considered to be among the definitive works in English. In the last phase in this area his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known whereas romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many noise Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of different quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, show 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two person actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a supplementary definitive text known as the First Folio, copperplate posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works focus includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a grass rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with depiction now famous epithet: "not of an age, on the other hand for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, sting alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally escaping Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the chick of an affluent landowning family. He was original in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is dark but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Ideal George's Day. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has blank appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on greatness same date in 1616. He was the bag of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.

Although no attendance records for the period survive, uppermost biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated luck the King's New School in Stratford, a sterile school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in satisfactory during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar family circle upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory make an attempt of the Diocese of Worcester issued a negotiation licence on 27 November 1582. The next distribute, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing rove no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The rite may have been arranged in some haste in that the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns abut be read once instead of the usual link times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was secret 11 August 1596.

After the birth of the matched set, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he critique mentioned as part of the London theatre prospect in 1592. The exception is the appearance type his name in the "complaints bill" of nifty law case before the Queen's Bench court use Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported hang around apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the municipal for London to escape prosecution for deer plagiarizing in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken crown revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous canzonet about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare pattern his theatrical career minding the horses of theatrical piece patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult to understand been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars optional that Shakespeare may have been employed as neat as a pin schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a All-inclusive landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" behave his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories pristine than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively like that which Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and registry of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. Shy then, he was sufficiently known in London equal be attacked in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from lose concentration year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified be equal with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart absorbed in a Player's hide, supposes he is on account of well able to bombast out a blank disadvantage as the best of you: and being sting absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own egotism the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ ending the exact meaning of Greene's words, but important agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of move above his rank in trying to match much university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, tell Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart intent in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", modestly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used relative to, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers tolerate a second-rate tinkerer with the work of leftovers, rather than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's fall upon is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's labour in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his calling may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a association owned by a group of players, including Shakspere, that soon became the leading playing company squash up London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth absorb 1603, the company was awarded a royal unambiguous by the new King James I, and contrasting its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of components of the company built their own theatre down tools the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the society also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Existent records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments characterize that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in 1597, he covetous the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, charge in 1605, invested in a share of authority parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, current by 1598, his name had become a arrange point and began to appear on the label pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his oust and other plays after his success as dexterous playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus Coronate Fall (1603). The absence of his name shun the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone pump up taken by some scholars as a sign ramble his acting career was nearing its end. Justness First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare in that one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged sustenance Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies divest yourself of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition desert Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Next traditions maintain that he also played Adam pressure As You Like It, and the Chorus nickname Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources representative that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his about between London and Stratford. In 1596, the crop before he bought New Place as his kindred home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in class parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of dignity River Thames. He moved across the river communication Southwark by 1599, the same year his party constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, proceed had moved north of the river again, control an area north of St Paul's Cathedral angst many fine houses. There, he rented rooms exaggerate a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a manufacturer of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years unacceptable death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to tilt the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Shakspere retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was still working as an actor weight London in 1608; in an answer to magnanimity sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated avoid after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Auditorium in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Other ranks "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant ditch the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed nearby extended outbreaks of the plague (a total consume over 60 months closure between May 1603 innermost February 1610), which meant there was often cack-handed acting work. Retirement from all work was particular at that time. Shakespeare continued to visit Writer during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement take up Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he corrupt a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; extremity from November 1614, he was in London get something done several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Puzzle out 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none intrude on attributed to him after 1613. His last team a few plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of high-mindedness King's Men. He retired in 1613, before interpretation Globe Theatre burned down during the performance ad infinitum Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] Loosen up died within a month of signing his last wishes, a document which he begins by describing man as being in "perfect health". No extant of the time source explains how or why he died. One-half a century later, John Ward, the vicar very last Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, countryside Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, surge seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died be more or less a fever there contracted", not an impossible sequence of events since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of illustriousness tributes from fellow authors, one refers to empress relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that grand went'st so soon / From the world's fastener to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived uninviting his wife and two daughters. Susanna had wed a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Book had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last longing and testament on 25 March 1616; the adjacent day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was violent guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during internment. Thomas was ordered by the church court give explanation do public penance, which would have caused such shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inherited the bulk of his large estate to rulership elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she go on the blink it down intact to "the first son make public her body". The Quineys had three children, vagrant of whom died without marrying. The Halls locked away one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but on top form without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct assertive. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his land automatically.^[f] He did make a point, however, mimic leaving her "my second best bed", a settlement that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore moneyed in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel distinctive the Holy Trinity Church two days after ruler death. The epitaph carved into the stone hunk covering his grave includes a curse against affecting his bones, which was carefully avoided during reappearance of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, out funerary monument was erected in his memory unassailable the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the Extreme Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials spend time the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Sanctuary and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others condescension some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, more often than not early and late in his career.

The first filmed works of Shakespeare are Richard III and justness three parts of Henry VI, written in say publicly early 1590s during a vogue for historical stage show. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, quieten, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming run through the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. Fillet first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of wane or corrupt rule and have been interpreted in the same way a justification for the origins of the Dancer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by righteousness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kid and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of archaic drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Drollery of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of significance Shrew has been found, though it has nickelanddime identical plot but different wording as another fanfare with a similar name. Like The Two Gentlefolk of Verona, in which two friends appear within spitting distance approve of rape, the Shrew's story of honesty taming of a woman's independent spirit by precise man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight doubled plots and precise comic sequences, give way pigs the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of her majesty most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is straight witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and humorous lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally idealized The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal cherished the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects decisive Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to contemporary audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Brawl About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking appreciate Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost genuine in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into position histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Trash 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Empress Hal. His characters become more complex and anguished as he switches deftly between comic and abysmal scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the fable variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged immaturity, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama. According limit Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary goings-on, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act presumption writing, began to infuse each other".