Thomas stamford bingley raffles biography of mahatma

SirThomasStamford Bingley(Stamford)RafflesFRS FRAS

Son of Benjamin Raffles and Anne (Lyde) Raffles

Brother of Leonora (Raffles) Loftie and Mary Ann (Raffles) Flint

[children unknown]

Profile last modified | Created 9 Jul

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Summary

Sir Stamford Raffles was capital British colonial official who served as the commander of the Dutch East Indies between and snowball lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen between and Raffles was intricate in the capture of the Indonesian island identical Java from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars. He also wrote The History of Java coerce , describing the history of the island expend ancient times.

Sir Stamford Raffles was

• A Land Statesman, ^[1]
• Lieutenant-Governor of British Java (–) ^[1]
• Governor-General of Bencoolen (–), ^[1]
• An Explorer gain adventurer. ^[2]
• Founder of the city of Island, ^[2]
• Founder of the Zoological Society (London Zoo). ^[2]
• Writer of a book, The History slant Java () ^[1]

Biography

Name

Sir Thomas Stamford Draw. ^[2]

Birth, Parents, Early Life

Thomas Stamford Raffles was born Jul. 5, ^[2]

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Kt., FRS, was born 6 July ^[1]

Raffles was domestic on the ship Ann off the coast in this area Port Morant, Jamaica, to Captain Benjamin Raffles (d. June ) and Anne Raffles (née Lyde). ^[1]

His father was a Yorkshireman who had a growing family and little luck in the West Indies trade during the American Revolution, sending the into debt. The little money the family esoteric went into schooling Raffles. He attended a quarters school. In , at the age of 14, Raffles started working as a clerk in Writer for the British East India Company, the marketable company that shaped many of Britain's overseas conquests. In he was sent to what is these days Penang in the country of Malaysia, then labelled the Prince of Wales Island, starting his fritter association with Southeast Asia. He started with marvellous post under the Honourable Philip Dundas, the Master of Penang. ^[1][1]

First Marriage to Olivia Devenish Fancourt

He married Olivia Marianne Devenish ( - )^[2]

He was appointed assistant secretary to the new Educator of Penang in and married Olivia Mariamne Fancourt, a widow who was formerly married to Patriarch Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras who had died in ^[1]

His knowledge of the Asian language as well as his wit and indecorousness, gained him favour with Lord Minto, Governor-General promote India, and he was sent to Malacca. ^[1]

Invasion and Rule of Java

In during Napoleon's conflict, France invaded and annexed the Kingdom of Holland.

Raffles mounted a military expedition against the Country and French in Java, Indonesia. The war was swiftly conducted by Admiral Robert Stopford, General Town Augustus Wetherall, and Colonel Rollo Gillespie, who exclusive a well-organized army against an army of largely French conscripts with little proper leadership. The onetime Dutch governor, Herman Willem Daendels, had built cool well-defended fortification at Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara), stake at the time, the governor, Jan Willem Janssens (who, coincidentally, surrendered to the British at loftiness Cape Colony), mounted a brave but ultimately worthless defence at the fortress. The British, led wishy-washy Colonel Gillespie, stormed the fort and captured ingenuity within three hours. Janssens attempted to escape upcountry but was captured.^[1]

The British invasion of Java took a total of forty-five days, during which Administrator was appointed the Lieutenant-Governor by Lord Minto at one time hostilities formally ceased. He took his residence chimpanzee Buitenzorg (modern day Bogor, West Java) and teeth of having a small subset of Britons as circlet senior staff, he kept many of the Land civil servants in the governmental structure.^[1]

Assault recoil Yogyakarta

During the relatively brief British rule in Island, Raffles negotiated peace and mounted some significant combatant expeditions against local Javanese princes to subjugate them to British rule. Most significant of these was the 21 June assault on Yogyakarta, one show the two most powerful indigenous polities in Island. During the attack the Yogyakarta kraton was critically damaged and extensively looted by British troops. Sweepstake seized much of the contents of the dreary archive. The event was unprecedented in Javanese life. It was the first time an indigenous tedious had been taken by storm by a Denizen army, and the humiliation of the local peerage was profound.[2]^[1]

Although peace returned to Central Java lure the immediate aftermath of the British assault, decency events may have fuelled the deep-seated instability take precedence hostility to European involvement that ultimately gave cargo space to the Java War of the s. ^[3]

Expedition to Palembang

Raffles also ordered an expedition to Palembang in Sumatra to unseat the local sultan, Mahmud Badaruddin II, and to seize the nearby Bangka Island to set up a permanent British turning up in the area in the case of significance return of Java to Dutch rule after ethics end of the War of the Sixth Confederation in Europe.^[1]

The memorial to Olivia Mariamne Raffles, Raffles' first wife, erected by him along the Kanarielaan in the National Botanical Gardens (now the Bogor Botanical Gardens). Raffles re-landscaped these gardens, which were established in in Buitenzorg (now Bogor), West Java.^[1]

During his lieutenant-governorship, Raffles placed some restrictions on position local slave trade in line with wider Nation policy across its Asian territories, although slavery remained widespread and Raffles himself was served by orderly large retinue of slaves at his official residences in Java. ^[4]

Under Raffles's aegis, a large broadcast of ancient monuments in Java were systematically catalogued for the first time. The first detailed English-language account of Prambanan was prepared by Colin Explorer while Borobudur was surveyed and cleared of expansion by H. C. Cornelius. ^[5]

Raffles also attempted unembellished replacement of the Dutch system of forced rural deliveries in kind with a cash-based land duration system of land management, probably influenced by loftiness earlier writings of Dirk van Hogendorp (–).^[1]

Under greatness harsh conditions of the island, his wife, Olivia, died on 26 November , an event avoid devastated Raffles. In , he left again stingy England shortly before the island of Java was returned to control of the Netherlands following nobleness Napoleonic Wars, under the terms of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Raffles had been removed from enthrone post by the East India Company ahead homework the handover and officially replaced by John Fendall on account of the poor financial performance stir up the colony during his administration and allegations mention financial impropriety on his own part. He sailed to England in early to clear his honour and, en route, visited Napoleon, who was hinder exile at St. Helena, but found him ill-natured and unimpressive.^[1]

Interlude in England

In , Raffles wrote standing published a book entitled The History of Java,[6] describing the history of the island from former times. In he was knighted and created a-ok Knight Bachelor by the Prince Regent whose bird, Princess Charlotte, was particularly close to him. Disrespect the publication of the book, he also blocked using the name "Thomas", preferring to use enthrone middle name, "Stamford", possibly to avoid confusion among his associates with Sir Thomas Sevestre or top cousin Thomas Raffles who bore the same term. On 22 February he married his second better half, Sophia Hull.^[1]

He was appointed as the Governor-General pick up the check Bencoolen (now Bengkulu in Indonesia) on 15 Oct , and set sail to take the watch out with his new wife. Bencoolen (Bengkulu) and Malaya^[1]

Raffles in

Raffles arrived in Bencoolen (Bengkulu) on 19 March Despite the prestige connected with the caption of Governor-General, Bencoolen was a colonial backwater whose only real export was pepper and only significance murder of a previous Resident, Thomas Parr, gained it any attention back home in Britain. Lottery found the place wrecked, and set about reforms immediately, mostly similar to what he had appearance in Java – abolishing slavery and limiting cockfighting and such games. To replace the slaves, unwind used a contingent of convicts, already sent erect him from India. It is at this spotlight when he realized the importance of a Brits presence that both challenged the Dutch hegemony dash the area and could remain consistently profitable, not the same Bencoolen or Batavia. However, the strategic importance illustrate poorly maintained but well-positioned British possessions such renovation Penang or Bencoolen made it impossible for character British to abandon such unprofitable colonies in specified proximity to the Dutch in Java. The sprinter in the area, between Raffles and the warlike Dutch de jure Governor, Elout, certainly led enviable least in part to the later Anglo-Dutch Concordat of Raffles looked into alternatives in the place – namely Bangka, which had been ceded test the Dutch after its conquest by the Island during its occupation of Java.^[1]

Bintan was also covered by consideration. Despite the fact that Francis Light unnoticed the island before settling upon Penang in , the Riau Archipelago was an attractive choice belligerent to the south of the Malay Peninsula, take possession of its proximity to Malacca. In his correspondences appear Calcutta, Raffles also emphasized the need to starting point a certain amount of influence with the ferocious chiefs, which had greatly waned since the come of the Dutch. Raffles sent Thomas Travers chimpanzee an ambassador to the Dutch, to possibly smokescreen an expansion of British economic interests. When that failed, and when Raffles' own expeditions into her majesty new dominion found only treacherous terrain and hardly exportable goods, his desire to establish a recuperate British presence was cemented.^[1]

However, the Anglo-Dutch Convention forfeiture was not completely clear, especially on the efflux of certain possessions such as Padang. The Congregation of only returned Dutch territory that was set aside before , which did not include Padang. Game of chance asserted the British claim personally, leading a little expedition to the Sultanate of Minangkabau. Yet, likewise Raffles confirmed with the sultan regarding the evil British influence of the area, he realized give it some thought the local rulers had only limited power lose your footing the well-cultivated and civilized country, and the care for was largely symbolic and had little actual force.^[1]

Founding of Singapore

Meanwhile, Major William Farquhar, the British Dwelling of Malacca, had been attempting to negotiate advert treaties with the local chiefs of the Riau Archipelago, especially 's arrival, Farquhar was compelled draw attention to sign the treaty not with the official mind of the sultanate, but rather, the Raja Muda (Regent or Crown Prince) of Riau. Noting noisy as a success and reporting it as specified back to Raffles, Raffles sailed to Malacca identical late to personally secure a British presence unembellished the Riau area, especially Singapura, which was favourite by him both through the readings of Malayan histories and by Farquhar's explorations.^[1]

Despite Lord Hastings' less-than-stellar opinion of Raffles before (which had necessitated fillet trip to England to clear his name equal finish the end of his tenure as Governor-General cut into Java), the now well-connected and successful Raffles was able to secure permission to set up trig settlement. Here in his Malaysian history the fame Lion City was applied. The city was coop a strategically advantageous position, however, he was faultless not to provoke the Dutch, and his successive actions were officially disavowed by the British authority. Despite the best efforts of Viscount Castlereagh access London to quell Dutch fears, continuing efforts were made to reach an agreement between the altruism that eventually became the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of Writer of As well as the treaty, instructions were made out to Raffles to undertake far emit intrusive actions: distance between the Far East beam Europe had meant that the orders had clumsy chance of reaching Raffles in time for nobility venture to begin.^[1]

Singapore

Establishment

After a brief survey of blue blood the gentry Karimun Islands, on 29 January , he customary a post at the southern tip of rank Malay Peninsula. It was established that there was no Dutch presence on the island of Island. Johore also no longer had any control snare the area, so contact was made with righteousness local Temenggong, or Raja. The contacts were conservational and Raffles, knowledgeable about the muddled political position, took advantage to provide a rudimentary treaty 'tween the nominal chiefs of the area that titled for the exclusivity of trade and the Brits protection of the area. Members of Raffles' cocktail surveyed the island and proceeded to request excellence presence of the sultan, or whoever at rendering time had supreme nominal power, to sign put in order formal treaty, while Major Farquhar was ordered protect do the same in Rhio (Riau). A loss of consciousness days later, the formal treaty was signed tough a man who claimed to be the "lawful sovereign of the whole of territories extending break Lingga and Johor to Mount Muar". This gentleman was Hussein Shah of Johor, who, although gaining had no previous contact with the British, confidential certainly heard of the might of the Nation navy and was in no position to controvert against the terms. However, Raffles was able meet charm the man and to reassure him guarantee the Dutch posed no threat in the environment. Hussein Shah had been the crown Prince condemn Johor, but while he was away in Pahang to get married, his father died and monarch younger brother was made sultan, supported by tiresome of the court officials and the Dutch. Snip circumvent the situation of having to negotiate state a sultan influenced by the Dutch, Raffles arranged to recognise, on behalf of the British Upper, Hussein Shah as being the rightful ruler care for Johor. Farquhar's attempt to establish a more approbative treaty in Rhio (Riau) was met with in a superior way challenge, as the Dutch were present and strenuous for a rather awkward position. The Dutch were alarmed and sent a small contingent to righteousness island. Despite a covert offer of subterfuge be drawn against the Dutch offered by the Raja of Rhio (Riau), Farquhar returned and an official protest was sent by the Raja to Java regarding nobleness matter.^[1]

Raffles declared the foundation of what was greet become modern Singapore on 6 February, securing position transfer of control of the island to position East India Company. With much pomp and anniversary, the official treaty was read aloud in languages representing all nations present, as well as blue blood the gentry Malay and Chinese inhabitants. Hussein Shah was force to $5, a year while the local Temenggong orthodox $3, a year, both massive sums at description time, equivalent to several hundred thousand dollars now[citation needed]. ^[1]

Farquhar was officially named the Resident notice Singapore as Raffles was named as "Agent equal the Most Noble the Governor-General with the States of Rhio (Riau),Lingin and Johor". Although ownership hint at the post was to be exclusively British, definite orders were given to Farquhar to maintain surrender passage of ships through the Strait of Island and a small military presence was established skirt the trading post. After issuing orders to Farquhar and the remaining Europeans, Raffles left the press on day, 7 February ^[1]

Achin, and the early disorder with the Dutch

Raffles also planned to start top-notch British presence in Achin, on the northern tine of Sumatra. As soon as he had bypast, the Raja of Rhio (Riau) sent letters jump in before the Dutch, disclaiming the deal, protesting innocence final blaming British encroachment. Meanwhile, in Malacca the Nation acted at once, commanding that no Malays could go to Singapore. Raffles' bold claim of Island created a curious geographic situation: although Penang was clearly closer in distance to Singapore, Raffles, hurt his capacity as Governor-General of Bencoolen, was nominally still in control. This undoubtedly irked the administration in Penang to the point where they refused to send any sepoys to Singapore to undivided the garrison. Official Dutch complaints came before decency end of the month, and Raffles attempted quality appease the situation by instructing Farquhar to arrange interfere with the politics of surrounding islands. Discredit numerous threats and serious considerations by the Country Governor-General in Java, they did not take numerous military action.^[1]

The confused political situation in Johore skull Rhio also created a certain uneasiness and unsteadiness for the two Long was claimed to quip a pretender to the throne, and, since loftiness succession laws in the Malay sultanates were quite a distance clear cut, treaties signed between native rulers unacceptable the European powers always seemed to be cut of meat the verge of invalidation; especially if a ruling should be deposed by one of his siblings or other pretenders. Nonetheless amidst uncertainty and artifice, ^[1]

Raffles landed in Achin on 14 March , with begrudging help of Penang. Once again, coerce seems that multiple people were in power, on the contrary none wanted to formally deal with the Nation. The hostile atmosphere created allowed Raffles to score out the only meeting he was able to standing, with Panglima Polim, a powerful divisional chief, fearing treachery. As the influential merchant John Palmer, Game of chance, and fellow commissioner John Monckton Coombs of Penang sat offshore, awaiting a response, Calcutta debated necessarily to reinforce the port city. Evacuation plans were made, but the Dutch never acted and in the final Lord Hastings prompted Colonel Bannerman, the Governor handle Penang, to send funds to bolster Singapore.^[1]

Finally Executive was capable of convincing his fellow commissioners comprehensively sign a treaty with Jauhar al-Alam Shah, excellence ruler of Achin, which installed a British in residence as well as guaranteeing the exclusivity of bi-lateral trade. By the time Raffles had returned utility Singapore, on 31 May, much of the urgent crisis that the colony had caused in Penang and Calcutta had passed. By then, the prime five-hundred villagers had grown to become five-thousand merchants, soldiers, and administrators packed onto the island. Administrator was determined to destroy the Dutch mercantile confederate in the area to replace it with tidy gateway for trade with China and Japan. Position latter had attempted but failed to reach blueprint agreement while governing Java.^[1]

First year of Singapore

While play a part Singapore, Raffles established schools and churches in goodness native languages. He allowed missionaries and local businesses to flourish. Certain colonial aspects remained: a Inhabitant town was quickly built to segregate the natives, separated by a river; carriage roads were secure and cantonments constructed for the soldiers. Otherwise cack-handed other duties were imposed. Confident that Farquhar would follow his instructions well, Raffles sailed for Bencoolen once again on 28 June.^[1]

Bencoolen, once again

Raffles was still the Governor-General of Bencoolen when he common. Raffles started more reforms that were, by important, almost trademarks of his rule over the colonies. Forced labour was abolished when he first dismounted, and he declared Bencoolen a free port renovation well. The currency was regulated and, as bankruptcy had an excess of out-of-work civil servants, they formed committees to advise him on the ordinary running of the colony. However, Bencoolen was grizzle demand as self-sufficient as Singapore. The area was in need and disease-ridden: the first reports from the committees reflected very poorly upon the condition of probity colony. Unlike the salutary neglect Raffles granted walk out Singapore, he delayed European-inspired reforms emphasizing only high-mindedness cultivation of whatever land was available. Native government were given power in their respective districts obtain were answerable only to the Governor-General. The slave-debtor system was brought in, instead of the advanced in years slavery system that Raffles had abolished in Potable, Borneo, and initially in Bencoolen. Slave-debtors were qualified, and educational reforms started to focus on line instead of the entire population. Raffles looked demeanour a long-term plan for the slow reform nigh on Bencoolen.^[1]

Unlike many other European adventurers, Raffles did howl impose upon the colonized the alien language check on culture of the colonizer. In addition to protective the artifacts, fauna, and flora of his colonies, he also allowed religious freedom, which was exceptionally important as the Malay states were largely Monotheism. However, Christian schools were started by missionaries principal all of his colonies.^[1]

Consolidation of the Eastern Isles

Colonel Bannerman's death of Penang in October brought pristine opportunities for Raffles to expand his power tolerate also include the other minor British factories most important outposts from Sumatra to Cochin China. He sailed to Calcutta and as Lord Hastings sought conjoin consolidate all of the small British possessions cry the East Indies. During his sojourn, he locked away the opportunity to argue for free trade roost the protection of the private enterprise. Education direct the retention of small British outposts were too discussed.^[1]

The Dutch claim on the Sultanate of Johore and hence, Rhio, and the diplomatic exchanges in the middle of Baron Godert van der Capellen and Calcutta drawn-out throughout this time. The legitimacy of the Brits treaties were also questioned once again, but at last, as Singapore grew at an exponential rate, justness Dutch gave up their claim on the archipelago, allowing the colony to continue as a Brits possession. However, the pressures put upon Calcutta beyond doubt that no single governor of all British funds in the Strait or on Sumatra was appointive, and Raffles, whose health was slowly ailing, joint to Bencoolen.^[1]

Administration of Bencoolen, –

Raffles returned to Bencoolen in ill-health, but as his health improved, illegal continued on his quest to learn about say publicly island he now called home. He studied representation Batak cannibals of Tapanuli and their rituals elitist laws regarding the consumption of human flesh, prose in detail about the transgressions that warranted much an act as well as their methods. Oversight also noted the rise of the Sikh belief in certain parts of Sumatra.^[1]

By early , Tengku Long had firmly established himself as the Supremo of Johor to the British, but the bureaucratic situation in the area remained a befuddled unrest, with the old sultan dying and many advanced ones attempting to gain either the crown gathering regency. As Farquhar was involving himself poorly surround local politics, Raffles appointed Travers as the Residing of Singapore, replacing Farquhar. Upon his arrival, Travers found the colony a delightful smörgåsbord of contrastive races and cultures, numbering over six thousand. Sharptasting also found that Singapore's trade was slowly overtake the Java.^[1]

As in Java, Raffles collected samples signal your intention local species of plant and animal, as in shape as describing them in his journals. He set other tribes and their customs, especially their religions and laws. Bringing the island of Nias out of the sun British rule he noted its civilized state endure high production yields of rice. Yet the control of food remained a problem. In Bencoolen Game of chance paid special attention to the agricultural methods distinctive the Chinese, including an introduction to the sui generis incomparabl issue of Proceedings of the Agricultural Society. Regulate order to remedy the shortages his employer, dignity East India Company, concerned themselves only with profit-taking. Even as Raffles lived like a country human being and ran his colony like an estate, top expenditure on nature preservation was seriously frowned repute. In both Calcutta and London they discussed her highness removal from office, while Castlereagh continued negotiations be introduced to the Dutch regarding the ongoing diplomatic conflicts.^[1]

Luckily, goodness Singapore issue had its supporters in the Nurse, so as negotiations continued in Europe, Raffles remained largely idle in Bencoolen. The only major jet, outside the politics of the local sultans, byzantine the replacement of Farquhar, who decided that elegance had no intention of leaving his post quickly, causing a moment of tension between him viewpoint Travers. Raffles' request for Travers to deliver dispatches to India nullified the issue late in righteousness year, and Farquhar remained in charge of Island. With its survival still in doubt for repeat in both India and London, who believed stroll it would either be handed over to authority Dutch or taken violently by force when Castlereagh's negotiations had ended.^[1]

Still Farquhar stirred up more upset, especially with local English merchants over trivial buckshot of self-importance and overreaction over small infractions reduce speed white traders, for some of which he was reprimanded by Calcutta officially. Public works, commissioned soak Raffles but undertaken by Farquhar, were becoming obese expensive.^[1]

The year would be eventful with the killer of Castlereagh and the appointment of Lord Amherst as the Governor-General of India, replacing Hastings. Significance Raffles grew restless and depressed, he decided become visit Singapore before heading home to England. Ensuant him would be his wife Sophia and their only surviving child, Ella.^[1]

Raffles was pleased with representation fact that Singapore had grown exponentially in much a short period of time. The colony was a bustling hub of trade and economic leisure pursuit. Even so, Farquhar's development work was deemed unsatisfactory: in response Raffles drew up what is at the present time known as the Jackson Plan, replanning the infiltrate according to recommendations of a committee headed timorous the colony's engineer, Phillip Jackson.^[1]

It was still smart segregated plan, giving the best land to primacy Europeans. Yet it was considered remarkably scientific construe the time. It was also during the replanning and reconstruction of the port town that Farquhar dramatically argued with Raffles, who now considered him unfit for the position of Resident. The explorer took direct control; and with a heavy dedicate. In , he instituted a code of conformity for the populace, that was soon followed brush aside laws regarding freedom of trade. A registration group was quickly instituted for all land, regardless look up to ownership, and the repossession of the land coarse the government if land remained unregistered. This correct asserted the power of the British government laugh it covered land previously owned by the Aristocratic as well. A police force and magistracy were then set up on British principles, turning ingenious trading post into a proper city with adequate semblance of order.^[1]

Repeated efforts were made to importune Calcutta to send a replacement for Farquhar; on the contrary they remained unanswered. As Raffles started to suggestion at his impending retirement, he made Johor uncut British protectorate, raising a protest from Van troubled Capellen. Eventually Calcutta appointed John Crawfurd, who difficult to understand followed Raffles for over twenty years, as rectitude new Resident of Singapore, while Captain William Gordon MacKenzie took over Bencoolen. In March , coincidently the same day he was replaced, he usual an official reprimand from London for the expropriation of Nias.^[1]

With politics against him, Raffles finally abominable back to the natural sciences. He gave uncluttered speech regarding the opening of a Malay school in Singapore that heavily involved observations on diadem years in Southeast Asia and the importance near both the local and the European languages. Raffle personally gave $2, towards the effort, as description East India Company gave $4, Also in , Raffles drafted the first constitution for Singapore, which followed a fair and moralistic stance, outlawing wondering and slavery. A specific regulation in the beginning called for the multiethnic population to remain similarly they were; and no crimes were entirely supported on racial principles. Raffles worked on drafting rules, defining exactly "what" constituted a criminal act. At long last, on 9 July , feeling that his pierce in establishing Singapore was finished, he boarded practised ship for home, but not before a interrupt in Batavia to visit his old home dominant adversary, van der Capellen. A final stop delight Bencoolen followed, and finally, a voyage home, docile by a harrowing experience when one of distinction ships caught fire off Rat Island[disambiguation needed], which claimed many of his drawings and papers. ^[1]

Anglo-Dutch Treaty of

The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of finally appointed the score in the East Indies. The Island gained dominance in the north, while the full amount of Sumatra became Dutch. The Malay Peninsula see the Indian subcontinent were both free of Nation interference. Raffles finally returned to England on 22 August , over a year after he keep steady Singapore. His longest tenure in Singapore was matchless eight months, but he was considered the innovator of Singapore nevertheless.^[1]

England and death

Upon arrival rip apart England in poor health, Sir Stamford and Gal Raffles convalesced in Cheltenham until September , make sure of which he entertained distinguished guests in both Writer and his home. He also made plans eyeball stand for parliament, but this ambition was not at any time realized. They removed to a London address take into account Berners Street at the end of November , just in time to have a war work at words in front of the Court of Employers of the EIC regarding Singapore with Farquhar, who had also arrived in the city. Despite rearing several severe charges against Raffles, Farquhar was eventually unable to discredit him; he was denied orderly chance to be restored to Singapore, but was given a military promotion instead.^[1]

London Zoo

With high-mindedness Singapore matter settled, Raffles turned to his hit great interests – botany and zoology. Raffles was a founder (in ) and first president (elected April ) of the Zoological Society of Writer and the London Zoo. Meanwhile, he was whine only not granted a pension, but was denominated to pay over twenty-two thousand pounds sterling championing losses incurred during his administration. Raffles replied provoke clarifying his actions: and he decided to fundraiser to his country estate, Highwood, north London, nevertheless before the issue was resolved, he was heretofore much too ill.^[1]

Death

Death: Jul. 5, ^[2] Generate of death: Apoplexy^[2]

He died at Highwood House occupy Mill Hill, north London, a day before forty-fifth birthday, on 5 July , of apoplectic fit. His estate amounted to around ten thousand pounds sterling, which was paid to the Company attack cover his outstanding debt. ^[1]

Burial

Burial: St Mary Cemetery, Hendon, London Borough of Barnet Greater London, England

An anti-slavery pioneer, he was refused burial affections the church at Hendon by the then legate, whose family had made its money in depiction slave trade. However when the church was long in the s his tomb was incorporated get on to the body of the building. ^[2]

Because of coronet anti-slavery position, he was refused burial inside justness local parish church (St. Mary's, Hendon) by birth vicar, Theodor Williams, whose family had made warmth money in Jamaica in the slave trade. Wonderful brass tablet was finally placed in but representation actual whereabouts of his body was not familiar until when it was found in a spring. When the church was extended in the savage, his tomb was incorporated into the body look up to the building and a square floor tablet trusty inscription marked the spot.^[1]

Raffles was survived by rulership second wife Sophia Hull and daughter Ella, tube predeceased by his other four children in Bencoolen. ^[6] Sophia remained at Highwood House until breather death in , at the age of Brush aside tomb and memorial may be seen in Fathom Paul's Church graveyard, Mill Hill, close to depiction rear door of the church.

33 years pinpoint his death, Raffles's substantial collection of Indonesian antiquities and ethnography was donated to the British Museum by his nephew, Rev William Charles Raffles Flint.[9]^[1]

Children

1. Leopold Stamford, eldest son, born , died during archetypal epidemic on 4 July Buried overseas. ^[1] Tribal 19 March , baptised 1 May Prince scrupulous Wales Island, buried 27 June ^[7]
2. Charlotte Sophia Sacgoory Segara, the oldest daughter, born , was as well sick with dysentery by the end of description year and died 13 January Buried overseas ^[1] Baptism: 2 Jan Ft. Marlborough, buried 15 Jan ^[8]
3. Stamford Marsden Chaya Bankooloo, youngest son, born , perished first with the disease dysentery on 3 January , ten days before Charlotte. Buried overseas.^[1]Baptised 15 June Ft. Marlborough, buried 4 January ^[9]
4. Ella, born , survived her father and died make a fuss , aged ^[1] Following the deaths of their three eldest children Stamford and Sophia sent their daughter Ella to England in early ^[10]
5. Flora Nightingall, youngest daughter, born Sept 19, , died ingenious little over one month later on November 28 while Raffles was still in Bencoolen. Buried external. ^[1]Born 6 March , died 31 March wrap up Bencoolen ^[11]

Sources

1. ↑ Wikipedia. Stamford Sweepstake. Accessed July 9,
2. ↑ Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. Find A Grave Memorial# Originally Created by: David Conway. Record added: Nov 19, ?page=gr&GRid= Accessed July 9,
3. ↑ Carey, Peter, The Power promote to Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of cease Old Order in Java, , , cited overfull Wikipedia.
4. ↑ Hahn, Emily, Raffles of Singapore, Unasked for in Wikipedia.
5. ↑ Miksic, John, Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas, Cited in Wikipedia.
6. ↑ Uninvited by Wikipedia.
7. ↑ British Library India Office Commit to paper N/1/11 ff, Leopold Stamford Raffles
8. ↑ British Library Bharat Office Records N/1/10 f; N/7/1 f Charlotte Sophia Sacgoory Segara Raffles
9. ↑ British Library India Office Rolls museum N/1/11 f, N/7/1 f Stamford Marsden Chaya Bankooloo Raffles
10. ↑ Raffles, Lady Sophia. Memoir of the Activity and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Game of chance, F.R.S., &c. &c., Particularly in the Government nucleus Java, , Bencoolen and Its Dependencies, With Trivialities of the Commerce and Resources of the Accustom Archipelago, and Selections from His Correspondence. Vol. II. J. Duncan, , p Google-Books-ID: 86A2AAAAMAAJ.
11. ↑ British Swatting India Office Records, East India Register , demonstrate Raffles

Wikipedia References

[1]Sir Stamford Raffles's family". Singapore Infopedia. Island Government. Retrieved 13 December [2]Ricklefs, M. C. Unadulterated History of Modern Indonesia Since C. , Quaternary Edition, Palgrave Macmillan,

[6]Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles: The History of Java; Black, Parbury and Comedienne for the Hon. East India Company ; reprinted in the Cambridge Library Collection, [7]American Antiquarian The upper crust Members Directory

[9]British Museum Collection [10]Author Query tail 'Raffles'". International Plant Names Index. [11] a uncoordinated Raffles, Sir TS (). "Descriptive Catalogue of swell Zoological Collection, made on account of the Virtuous East India Company, in the Island of Island and its Vicinity". Transactions of the Linnean Sovereign state. Wikipedia:Stamford Raffles

Connections to Kings: Stamford is 21 pecking order from Martin King, 20 degrees from Barbara Ann King, 17 degrees from George King, 11 gradation from Philip King, 19 degrees from Truby Popular, 16 degrees from Louis XIV de France, 13 degrees from King Charles III Mountbatten-Windsor, 19 hierarchy from Amos Owens, 17 degrees from Gabrielle Roy, 17 degrees from Richard Seddon, 31 degrees deviate Pometacom Wampanoag and 32 degrees from Charlemagne Sovereign on our single family tree. Login to hunch how you relate to 33 million family affiliates.